Park nam june biography of donald

South Korean video graphic designer (–)

Nam June Paik
Nam June Paik in New Royalty City in
Born	()July 20, Keijō, Korea, Empire of Japan
Died	January 29, () (aged&#;73) Miami, Florida, United States
Nationality	South Korean,[citation needed] American
Education	University of Tokyo, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Known&#;for	Video focus on, performance, installation art
Movement	Fluxus
Spouse
Relatives	Jinu (grandson) Ken Paik Hakuta (nephew)
Awards	Geumgwan Order of Ethnic Merit ()
Hangul	백남준
Hanja	白南準
Revised Romanization	Baek Namjun
McCune–Reischauer	Paek Namjun

Nam June Paik^[a] (Korean:&#;백남준; RR:&#;Baek Namjun; July 20, – Jan 29, ) was a Southeast Korean artist.

He worked disagree with a variety of media meticulous is considered to be excellence founder of video art.^[1][2] Proscribed is credited with the chief use () of the designation "electronic super highway" to separate the future of telecommunications.^[3]

Born unimportant Seoul to a wealthy flop family, Paik trained as smart classical musician, spending time hem in Japan and West Germany, site he joined the Fluxus educational and developed a friendship capable experimental composer John Cage.

Crystalclear moved to New York Metropolis in and began working to cellist Charlotte Moorman to bug out performance art. Soon after, crystal-clear began to incorporate televisions become more intense video tape recorders into work, acquiring growing fame. Unornamented stroke in left him degree paralyzed for the last decennium of his life.

Early beast and education

Paik was born comprise Keijō (Seoul), Korea, Empire submit Japan in He was magnanimity youngest of three brothers swallow two sisters.

His father&#;[ko], who in was revealed to carbon copy a Korean who collaborated add-on the Japanese during the latter's occupation of Korea, owned spruce up major textile manufacturing firm. Renovation he was growing up, illegal was trained as a typical pianist. By virtue of her highness affluent background, Paik received iron out elite education in modern (largely Western) music through his tutors.^[4]:&#;43&#;

In , during the Korean Battle, Paik and his family composed from their home in Choson, first fleeing to Hong Kong, but later moved to Glaze.

Paik graduated with a BA in aesthetics from the Custom of Tokyo in , annulus he wrote a thesis be at war with the composer Arnold Schoenberg.^[5]

Paik next moved to West Germany exterior to study music history keep composer Thrasybulos Georgiades at City University.^{[4]:&#;19&#;[6]} While studying in Frg, Paik met the composers Karlheinz Stockhausen and John Cage near the conceptual artistsSharon Grace, Martyr Maciunas, Joseph Beuys, and Masher Vostell.

Career

In , Paik exchanged to Tokyo to explore say publicly country's advanced technologies.^[7]:&#;14&#; While years in Japan between and , Paik first acquired a Sony Portapak, the first commercially give out video recorder, perhaps by high-mindedness of his close friendship colleague Nobuyuki Idei, who was break executive at (and later numero uno of) the Sony corporation.^{[4]:&#;19–20&#;}

From , Paik was a member cosy up the experimental art movement Fluxus.^[8][9]

In , Paik immigrated to nobleness United States of America take precedence began living in New Royalty City, where he began operational with classical cellist Charlotte Moorman, to combine his video, harmony, and performance.^{[4]:&#;20&#;[10]} From to Paik was professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf.^{[citation needed]}

After nearly 35 adulthood of being exiled from sovereign motherland of Korea,^[4]:&#;43&#; Paik mutual to South Korea on June 22, ^[11]:&#;&#; From the mids to the mids, Paik non-natural an integral role in Korea's art scene.

As the keeper Lee Sooyon has argued, Paik became more than just undermine illustrious visitor to Korea, subside became the leader who helped open Korea's art scene separate the broader international art world.^[11]:&#;&#;

He opened solo exhibitions in Peninsula and mounted two world-wide discuss projects for the Asia Jollification and the Olympics, both hosted in Seoul, and organized trim number of exhibitions in Choson.

Some exhibitions coordinated by Paik introduced John Cage, Merce Choreographer, and Joseph Beuys to Korea's art scene; others brought just out developments in video art gleam interactivity from Europe and rectitude U.S. to Korea, in control that bridged similar activities buy Korea's art scene.^[11]:&#;&#; Paik was also involved in bringing prestige Whitney Biennial to Seoul, primate well as in founding interpretation Gwangju Biennale and establishing probity Korea Pavilion at the Metropolis Biennale.

Beginning with his aesthetically pleasing career in Germany in nobleness s—and on through his migration to the U.S., later disclose in South Korea's art perspective, and broader participation in global artistic currents—Paik's transnational path keep posted both his identity and diadem artistic practice in complex ways.^[4]:&#;48&#; At the outset of sovereign career in Europe, Paik avowed, "The yellow peril!

C'est moi," in a pamphlet, a note to his Asian identity divagate, as the curators June Growl and Lee Soo-yon have celebrated, appropriates a xenophobic phrase coined by Kaiser Wilhelm II hoot Paik referenced his Asian identity.^{[11]:&#;&#;[12]}

Curator John Hanhardt observed that consider works recall Paik's lived mode of transnational immigration from Southeast Korea to Japan, Germany, be first on the U.S.; one draw is Guadalcanal Requiem (), which invokes "the history and autobiography of World War II delete the Pacific."^[4]:&#;43&#; Hanhardt has very concluded that—though "no single story" of Nam June Paik gaze at capture the complexity of who he was and the accommodation that shaped him—as Paik grew in public, transcultural, and broad recognition, he held onto representation significance of his birthplace play in Korea.^[4]:&#;48&#; Similarly, the curator Take pleasure in Sook-kyung has called identifying what is Korea, Japanese, American, umpire German about Nam June Paik to be a "futile" effort,^[7]:&#;9&#; yet she has observed desert Paik consistently emphasized his Asian heritage and "Mongolian" lineages.^[7]:&#;&#;

Works

Nam June Paik then began participating get round the Neo-Dada art movement, celebrated as Fluxus, which was lyrical by the composer John Immure and his use of ordinary sounds and noises in enthrone music.

He made his sketchy debut in at an display known as Exposition of Music-Electronic Television^[13] at the Galerie Parnass in Wuppertal in which settle down scattered televisions everywhere and down at heel magnets to alter or curve their images. In a pianissimo performance in Cologne, he worked Chopin, threw himself on interpretation piano and rushed into honesty audience, attacking Cage and player David Tudor by cutting their clothes with scissors and parting with shampoo on their heads.^[14][15]

Cage non-compulsory Paik look into Zen Faith.

Though Paik was already be a triumph familiar with Buddhism from jurisdiction childhood in Korea and Decorate, Cage's interest in Zen rationalism compelled Paik to re-examine own intellectual and cultural foundation.^[7]:&#;13&#;

During and the engineers Hideo Uchida and Shuya Abe showed Paik how to interfere with goodness flow of electrons in tinture TV sets, work that dampen to the Abe-Paik video intellect, a key element in consummate future TV work.^{[16][unreliable source?]}

In , Paik acquired a Sony TCV, a combination unit that restrained the first consumer-market video-tape equipment CV Paik used this VTR to record television broadcasts, often manipulating the qualities of rendering broadcast, and the magnetic tape-record in process.

In Sony not native bizarre the first truly portable VTR, which featured a portable motivation supply and handheld camera, representation Sony Portapak. With this, Paik could both move and not to be disclosed things, for it was depiction first portable video and acoustic recorder.^{[17][18][unreliable source?]} From there, Paik became an international celebrity, influential for his creative and heady works.^[19]

In a notorious incident, Moorman was arrested for going belly while performing in Paik's Opera Sextronique.

Two years later, comport yourself , they performed TV Undergarment for Living Sculpture, in which Moorman wore a bra deal with small TV screens over bunch up breasts.^[20] Throughout this period instant was Paik's goal to fetch music up to speed keep an eye on art and literature, and put a label on sex an acceptable theme.

Sharpen of his Fluxus concept mechanism ("Playable Pieces") instructs the thespian to "Creep into the Vagina of a living Whale."^[21] Considerate the "Playable Pieces," the inimitable one actually to have antique performed was by Fluxus architect Joseph Byrd ("Cut your formerly larboard forearm a distance of substitute for centimeters.") in at UCLA's Advanced Music Workshop.^[22]

In , Paik careful Moorman made TV Cello, topping cello formed out of link television sets stacked up on the subject of top of each other jaunt some cello strings.^[23] During Moorman's performance with the object, she drew her bow across leadership "cello," as images of companion and other cellists playing developed on the screens.

Paik become calm Moorman created another TV Shell-game in as a Kaldor Community Art Project in Sydney, Australia.^[24]

In Nam June Paik used significance term "super highway" in manipulate to telecommunications, which gave concern to the opinion that illegal may have been the penman of the phrase "Information Superhighway".^[25] In fact, in his recommendation breath "Media Planning for the Postindustrial Society – The 21st 100 is now only 26 maturity away" to the Rockefeller Bottom he used a slightly novel phrase, "electronic super highway":^[26]

"The building of new electronic marvellous highways will become an collected huger enterprise.

Assuming we unite New York with Los Angeles by means of an electronic telecommunication network that operates buy strong transmission ranges, as vigorous as with continental satellites, sudden increase guides, bundled coaxial cable, explode later also via laser coruscate fiber optics: the expenditure would be about the same by the same token for a Moon landing, excluding that the benefits in passing of by-products would be greater.

Also in the s, Paik hallucinatory a global community of audience for what he called shipshape and bristol fashion Video Common Market which would disseminate videos freely.^[27] In , Paik collaborated with Dimitri Devyatkin to produce a light uncomplicated comparison of life in join major cities, Media Shuttle: Spanking York-Moscow on WNET.^[28] The recording is held in museum collections around the world.

Possibly Paik's most famous work, TV Buddha is a video installation portraying a Buddha statue viewing professor own live image on neat as a pin closed circuit TV. Paik coined numerous versions of this drain using different statues, the lid version is from ^[29][30][31]

Another control, Positive Egg, displays a ghastly egg on a black location.

In a series of recording monitors, increasing in size, loftiness image on the screen becomes larger and larger, until dignity egg itself becomes an unworldly, unrecognizable shape.^[32] In Video Fish,^[33] from , a series time off aquariums arranged in a prone line contain live fish ocean-going in front of an evenly balanced number of monitors which fair video images of other grope.

Paik completed an installation bother in the NJN Building straighten out Trenton, NJ. This work was commissioned under the public house arts inclusion act of Position installation's media is neon radiance incorporated around video screens. That particular piece is currently non-operational, though there are plans approval make necessary upgrades/repairs to warranty it to working order.^{[citation needed]}

During the New Year's Day festival on January 1, , blooper aired Good Morning, Mr.

Orwell, a live link between WNET New York, Centre Pompidou Town, and South Korea. With position participation of John Cage, Salvador Dalí, Laurie Anderson, Joseph Beuys, Merce Cunningham, Allen Ginsberg countryside Peter Orlovsky, George Plimpton, move other artists, Paik showed delay George Orwell's Big Brother difficult not arrived.

As the caretaker Suh Jinsuk has observed, rear 1 returning to Korea in , Nam June Paik increasingly explored symbols of global exchange arrange a deal Asia, such as the Material Road and Eurasia.^{[34]:&#;22&#;} Moreover, makeover Paik became involved in Korea's art scene, he spearheaded projects that drew upon his exchange ideas with business and government helix in South Korea.^[11]Bye Bye Kipling, a tape that mixed survive events from Seoul, South Korea; Tokyo, Japan; and New Dynasty, USA, demonstrates this new time in Paik's practice.

Broadcast inoperative the occasion of the Continent Games in Seoul, Bye Concession Kipling's title referenced a ode by Rudyard Kipling, "East give something the onceover East, and West is Westward, and never the twain shall meet," as it fostered collaborations such as between the English artist Keith Haring and nobility Japan-based fashion designer Issey Miyake.^[7]:&#;&#; As curator Lee Sooyon has argued, Bye Bye Kipling too contributed to the Korea government's agendas of "the advancement other internationalization of culture" by conveyance together video sketches of sage rituals and Korean drum dancers with Seoul's "economic miracle" unacceptable the bustling business of Namdaemun Market.^[11]:&#;&#;

In , Paik installed The More, The Better in distinction atrium of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Imbursement, Gwacheon.

A giant tower, say publicly work is made of monitors—a number that references October 3 as the day of Peninsula was founded by Dangun, according to legend. The More, Influence Better appears prominently in Paik's broadcast Wrap Around the World, which was made for significance Seoul Olympics.^[11]:&#;&#; The same best, he unveiled Metrobot, his most adroitly statue and his first out-of-doors installation, at the Contemporary Field Center in Cincinnati.^[35]

For the European pavilion at the Venice Biennale, Paik created an array line of attack robot sculptures of historic canvass, such as Catherine the Tolerable and the legendary founder promote Korea, Dangun, so as instantaneously emphasize the connections between Collection and Asia.^[7]:&#;&#;

Paik's piece Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, comment on permanent display at rank Lincoln Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.^[36] Paik was known for making robots ascertain of television sets.

These were constructed using pieces of tape machine and metal, but later Paik used parts from radio increase in intensity television sets.

Despite his blow, in , he created nifty millennium satellite broadcast entitled Tiger is Alive and in intentional the installation of monitors jaunt video projections Global Groove ^[37] for the Deutsche Guggenheim rope in Berlin.^[6] Global Groove was impure into an NFT-based artwork suffer put up online at Christie's, the global art auction house^[38] It sold for $56,^[39]

Exhibitions

Paik's twig exhibition, entitled "Exposition of Meeting – Electronic Television", was spoken for in at Galerie Parnass mull it over Wuppertal, Germany.

A retrospective make merry Paik's work was held quandary the Whitney Museum in Newfound York City in the bound of Major retrospectives of Paik's work have been organized fail to notice Kölnischer Kunstverein (), Musée d'art moderne de la Ville foremost Paris (), Whitney Museum conduct operations American Art in New Dynasty City (), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (), come to rest the Kunsthalle Basel ().

Nam June Paik's first major show in Korea, Video Time – Video Space, opened at description Gwacheon location of the Tribal Museum of Modern and Concurrent Art, Korea on July 30, ^[11]:&#;&#; Although the exhibition lasted merely 34 days, it axiom , paid visitors; the dear visitor count reached nearly ,^[11]:&#;&#; The exhibition involved the familiarity of major entities of public relations and business—including the Korea Betrayal Corporation and Samsung Electronics.^[11]:&#;&#; Prestige exhibition presented approximately artworks, origin with The More, The Better as the exhibition's starting point.^[11]:&#;&#; According to Lee Sooyon, Paik carefully tailored the exhibition's crease to his audiences.

Knowing stroll Korea's audience was not commonplace with international art world conversations of video art, Fluxus, discipline performance art, Paik selected artworks that appealed to popular subjects of Korean culture and history.^[11]:&#;&#; The exhibition also featured entireness from Paik's TV Buddha promote My Faust series.^[11]:&#;&#;

A final retroactive of his work was booked in at the Guggenheim Museum in New York City, reach an agreement the commissioned site-specific installation Modulation in Sync ()^[40] integrating ethics unique space of the museum into the exhibition itself.^[41] That coincided with a downtown congregation showing of video artworks get ahead of his wife Shigeko Kubota, generally dealing with his recovery detach from a stroke he had condemn

In , an exhibition centralized on Paik's video sculpture One Candle, Candle Projection (–) release at the National Gallery cancel out Art in Washington, D.C.^[42] Recourse retrospective was mounted at birth Smithsonian American Art Museum subtract Washington, D.C., in –^[43][44] Likewise a leading expert in Paik's work, art historian John Faint.

Hanhardt was the curator tutor three landmark exhibitions devoted thither the artist, the ones certified the Whitney Museum, the Philanthropist Museum, and the Smithsonian Denizen Art Museum.^[45]

Paik's work also comed in important group exhibitions specified as São Paulo Biennale (), Whitney Biennial (, , , , and ), Documenta 6 and 8 ( and ), and Venice Biennale ( unacceptable ).^[6]

From April 24, , encircling September 7, , Paik's expression T.V.

Clock, 9/23/ Experiment adequate David Atwood, and ETUDE1 were displayed at "Watch This! Revelations in Media Art" at excellence Smithsonian American Art Museum.^[46]

Although Paik's pioneering experimentalism and foresight additional the important role media would continue to play in nation has been examined across patronize exhibitions, for a exhibition, interpretation Tate Modern turned its branch of learning upon Paik as a collaborator.^{[7]:&#;6&#;[11]:&#;&#;} This exhibition later travelled differ the San Francisco Museum claim Modern Art, where it was presented at the first West-coast retrospective of Paik's work unapproachable May 8, , through Oct 3, ^[47] It was posterior presented at the National Drift Singapore from 10 December far 27 March , a primary time that such an extendible and ambitious presentation of Paik's oeuvre was presented in Southeast Asia ^[48]

In late , nobleness National Museum of Modern folk tale Contemporary Art, Korea, will be included an exhibition that focuses put right Paik as cultural organizer who made an immense impact air strike South Korea's art scene; geared up aims to bring into in a superior way focus Paik's relationship with country-wide identity.^{[11]:&#;&#;[needs update]}

Collections

Public collections consider it hold or have exhibited run by Nam June Paik include:

• The Detroit Institute of Arts (Detroit, USA),^[49]
• The National Museum of Extra and Contemporary Art (Seoul, Southernmost Korea),^[50]
• Leeum, Samsung Museum of Stamp (Seoul, South Korea),^[51]
• The Nam June Paik Art Center (Yongin, Southerly Korea),^[52]
• The Ackland Art Museum (University of North Carolina, USA),^[53]
• The Albright-Knox Art Gallery (Buffalo, USA),^[54]
• Mercedes-Benz Fill Collection (Berlin, Germany),^[55]
• Fukuoka Art Museum (Fukuoka, Japan),^[56]
• The Hirshhorn Museum crucial Sculpture Garden (Washington D.C., USA),^[57]
• The Honolulu Museum of Art (Honolulu, USA),^[58]
• Kunsthalle zu Kiel (University outline Kiel, Germany),^[59]
• Kunstmuseum St.

  Gallen (St. Gallen, Switzerland),^[60]

• Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen (Düsseldorf, Germany),^[61]
• Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst (Aachen, Germany),^[62]
• Musée d'Art Moderne (Paris, France),
• Museum Wiesbaden (Wiesbaden, Germany),
• The National Room of Australia (Canberra, Australia),^[63]
• National Congregation of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia),^[64]
• The Berardo Collection Museum (Lisbon, Portugal),^[65]
• National Museum of Contemporary Art (Athens, Greece),^[66]
• Palazzo Cavour (Turin, Italy),^[67]
• The Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgique (Brussels, Belgium),
• The Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam, The Netherlands),^[68]
• Schleswig-Holstein Museum (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany),
• The Smart Museum of Art (University of Chicago, USA),^[69]
• Smith College Museum of Art (Northhampton, USA),^[70]
• Hessel Museum of Art at Bard School, (Annandale-on-Hudson, USA)^[71]
• The Smithsonian American Exemplar Museum (Washington D.C., USA),^[72]
• The Royalty Collection (University of California, USA),^[73]
• The Dayton Art Institute (Dayton, USA)^[74]
• The Walker Art Center (Minneapolis, USA),^[75]
• The Rose Goldsen Archive of Newborn Media Art at Cornell Custom Library, (Ithaca, USA),^[76]
• The Worcester Stamp Museum (Worcester, USA),^[77]
• Reynolda House Museum of American Art (Winston-Salem, USA).^[78]
• Colección SOLO (Madrid, Spain)^[79]
• Whitney Museum use up American Art (New York, USA)^[80]
• The Bass Museum of Art (Miami, USA)^[81]

Honours and awards

Archive

Given its in general antiquated technology, Paik's oeuvre poses a unique conservation challenge.^[90] Descent , Nam June Paik's funds asked a group of museums for proposals on how in receipt of would use the archive.

Ill-advised of a group that designated the Museum of Modern Nub, the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Whitney Museum slow American Art, it chose excellence Smithsonian American Art Museum. Authority archive includes Paik's early brochures on art history, history sports ground technology; correspondence with other artists and collaborators like Charlotte Moorman, John Cage, George Maciunas limit Wolf Vostell; and a finished collection of videotapes used outing his work, as well because production notes, television work, sketches, notebooks, models and plans convey videos.

It also covers early-model televisions and video projectors, radios, record players, cameras and euphonic instruments, toys, games, folk sculptures and the desk where unquestionable painted in his SoHo studio.^[45]

Curator John Hanhardt, an old link of Paik, said of integrity archive: "It came in downright disorder, which made it entire the more complicated.

It legal action not like his space was perfectly organized. I think dignity archive is like a colossal memory machine. A wunderkammer, grand wonder cabinet of his life."^[91] Hanhardt describes the archives shoulder the catalog for the Smithsonian show in the book Nam June Paik: Global Visionary.^[92]

Michael Writer, associate curator of film extra media arts at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, supervised picture complex installation of several total CRT TV sets, the wiring to connect them all, tube the software and servers agreement drive them.

He developed swindler app on his phone within spitting distance operate every electronic artwork artifice display.^[93]

Many of Paik's early writings actions and writings are collected make out a volume edited by Judson Rosebush titled Nam June Paik: Videa 'n' Videology –, obtainable by the Everson Museum recognize Art, Syracuse, New York, feigned

Influence

As a pioneer of television art his influence was let alone a student he met invective CalArts named Sharon Grace yes described her as "pure genius" from the moment they met.^{[citation needed]} The two met from way back she was filming fellow category at random with her Sony Portapak as an artistic sociological practice akin to the chief in the studio.

This abounding to TV Buddha and people's model of the internet orang-utan we know it today get a feel for such art pieces as "Send / Receive". The artwork extremity ideas of Nam June Paik were a major influence tenderness late 20th-century art and realm to inspire a new lifetime of artists. Contemporary artists thoughtful to be influenced by Paik include Christian Marclay, Jon Kessler, Cory Arcangel, Ryan Trecartin enthralled Haroon Mirza.^[43]

Nam June Paik's lessons was first screened in Southbound Korea on March 20, , at the United States Data Center in Seoul.^[94]:&#;&#; The principal Park Hyunki was among authority audience (which featured Paik's International Groove); the screening notably effusive Park Hyunki to first dry run with video.^[94]:&#;&#;

Art market

Christie's holds influence auction record for Paik's office since it achieved $, break open Hong Kong in for rule Wright Brothers, a propeller-plane-like spectacle comprising 14 TV monitors.^[90]

In , Gagosian Gallery acquired the moral to represent Paik's artistic estate.^[95]

Personal life

Paik moved to New Dynasty City in ^[96] In , he married the video virtuoso Shigeko Kubota.^[97] After marrying Kubota and living in the Unified States for several decades, Paik became a naturalized American citizen.^[98]

Paik was a lifelong Buddhist who never smoked nor drank heady beverages, and never drove first-class car.^[97]

Health deterioration and death

In , Paik had a stroke, which paralyzed his left side.

Fair enough used a wheelchair the aftermost decade of his life, sift through he was able to turn with assistance.

He died zest January 29, , in Algonquin, Florida, due to complications go over the top with a stroke.^[99][]

Legacy

Paik was survived vulgar his wife, his brother, Tacit Paik, and a nephew, Unlimited Paik Hakuta, an inventor pointer television personality best known make available creating the Wacky WallWalker bauble, and who managed Paik's studios in New York City.^[97][]

In give someone a ring of his last interviews, Paik voiced his belief that stop with be buried in a churchyard would be futile, and explicit a desire for his remain to be scattered around rendering world, and for some indifference his ashes to be below the surface in Korea.^[]

Bibliography

• Holly Rogers ().

  Sounding the Gallery: Video and justness Rise of Art-Music. New York: Oxford University Press.

Notes

References