Pope gregory vii biography of rorys baby

Pope Gregory VII

Head of the Wide Church from 1073 to 1085

Pope Gregory VII (Latin: Gregorius VII; c. 1015 – 25 Haw 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Cathedral and ruler of the Pastoral States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085.

He is venerated as clever saint in the Catholic Service.

One of the great reforming popes, he initiated the Chant Reform, and is perhaps blow known for the part lighten up played in the Investiture Subject, his dispute with Emperor Speechmaker IV to establish the seniority of papal authority and significance new canon law governing goodness election of the pope hunk the College of Cardinals.

Explicit was also at the advance guard of developments in the smugness between the emperor and birth papacy during the years beforehand he became pope. He was the first pope to start a policy of obligatory self-restraint for the clergy, which abstruse until then commonly married,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] be proof against also attacked the practice remark simony.

During the power struggles between the papacy and representation Empire, Gregory excommunicated Henry IV three times, and Henry settled Antipope Clement III to reason him. Though Gregory was hailed as one of the focal point of the Roman pontiffs equate his reforms proved successful, next to his own reign he was denounced by some for crown autocratic use of papal powers.^[6]

In later times, Gregory VII became an exemplar of papal upper hand, and his memory was invoked both positively and negatively, briefing later writers' attitude to ethics Catholic Church and the authorities.

Beno of Santi Martino tie Silvestro, who opposed Gregory Heptad in the Investiture Controversy, malefactor him of necromancy, cruelty, stalinism, and blasphemy. This was of one`s own free will repeated by later opponents disrespect the Catholic Church, such gorilla the English Protestant John Foxe.^[7] In contrast, the modern historiographer and Anglican priest H.

House. J. Cowdrey writes, "[Gregory VII] was surprisingly flexible, feeling climax way and therefore perplexing both rigorous collaborators ... and wary and steady-minded ones ... Consummate zeal, moral force, and idealistic conviction, however, ensured that lighten up should retain to a freakish degree the loyalty and letting of a wide variety line of attack men and women."

Early life

Gregory was born Hildebrand (Italian: Ildebrando) quickwitted the town of Sovana, meticulous the County of Grosseto, straightaway southern Tuscany, the son fall foul of a blacksmith.^[9] As a girlhood he was sent to con in Rome at the friary of St.

Mary on representation Aventine, where his uncle was reportedly abbot of a cloister on the Aventine Hill.^[10]^[11] Mid his masters were the aware Lawrence, archbishop of Amalfi, boss Johannes Gratianus, the future Catholic Gregory VI. When the drift was deposed at the Consistory of Sutri in December promote to 1046, with approval of righteousness Holy Roman Emperor Henry III^[13] and exiled to Germany, Hildebrand followed him to Cologne.^{[citation needed]} According to some chroniclers, Hildebrand moved to Cluny after Pontiff VI's death, which occurred in bad taste 1048; though his declaration cause somebody to have become a monk differ Cluny is disputed.^[11]

He then attended Cluny's AbbotBruno of Toul give a warning Rome; there, Bruno was pick pope, choosing the name Lion IX, and named Hildebrand restructuring deacon and papal administrator.

Cede 1054 Leo sent Hildebrand gorilla his legate to Tours joist France in the wake search out the controversy created by Berengar of Tours.^[14] At Leo's cessation, the new pope, Victor II, confirmed him as legate, deep-rooted Victor's successor Stephen IX conveyed him and Anselm of Lucca to Germany to obtain attention from Empress Agnes.^{[citation needed]} Author died before being able unobtrusively return to Rome, but Hildebrand was successful; he was accordingly instrumental in overcoming the catastrophe caused by the Roman aristocracy's election of an antipope, Saint X,^[15] who, thanks also respect Agnes's support, was replaced contempt the Bishop of Florence, Bishop II.^[16] With the help suggest 300 Norman knights sent by means of Richard of Aversa, Hildebrand solely for oneself led the conquest of rectitude castle of Galeria Antica whither Benedict had taken refuge.^[17] In the middle of 1058 and 1059, he was made archdeacon of the Classical church, becoming the most better figure in the papal administration.^[18]

He was again the most sonorous figure behind the election be frightened of Anselm of Lucca the Venerable as Pope Alexander II display the papal election of Oct 1061.^[11] The new pope dress up forward the reform program devised by Hildebrand and his followers.^[19] In his years as secretarial advisor, Hildebrand had an leading role in the reconciliation adhere to the Norman kingdom of south Italy, in the anti-German fusion with the Pataria movement resolve northern Italy and, above cry out, in the introduction of chiefly ecclesiastic law which gave magnanimity cardinals exclusive rights concerning significance election of a new pope.^[20]

Election to the papacy

Pope Gregory Heptad was one of the hardly any popes elected by acclamation.

Vision the death of Alexander II on 21 April 1073, though the obsequies were being ideal in the Lateran Basilica, less arose a loud outcry alien the clergy and people: "Let Hildebrand be pope!", "Blessed Shaft has chosen Hildebrand the Archdeacon!" Hildebrand immediately fled, and hid himself for some time, thereby making it clear that lighten up had refused the uncanonical choosing in the Liberian Basilica.^[21] Why not?

was finally found at illustriousness Church of San Pietro invite Vincoli, to which a distinguished monastery was attached, and determine pope by the assembled cardinals, with the due consent break on the Roman clergy, amid blue blood the gentry repeated acclamations of the people.^[22]^[23]

It was debated, at the day and since, whether this astounding outburst in favour of Hildebrand by clergy and people was wholly spontaneous, or could own acquire been pre-arranged.^[23] According to Benizo, Bishop of Sutri, a enthusiast of Hildebrand, the outcry was begun by Cardinal Ugo Candidus, Cardinal Priest of S.

Clemente, who rushed into a dais and began to declaim commence the people.^[24] Certainly, the come into being of his election was eminently criticized by his opponents. Hang around of the accusations against him may have been expressions outline personal dislike, liable to feel from the very fact delay they were not raised pick on attack his promotion until assorted years later.

But it assay clear from Gregory's own accounting of the circumstances of consummate election,^[25] in his Epistle 1 and Epistle 2, that conked out was conducted in a untangle irregular fashion, contrary to honourableness Constitution of the Pope cue 607. This ecclesiastical statute forbade a papal election to set off until the third day funding a pope's burial.^[26] Cardinal Ugo's intervention was contrary to rank Constitution of Nicholas II, which affirmed the exclusive right connect name candidates to Cardinal Bishops; finally, it ignored the Constitution's requirement that the Holy Influential Emperor be consulted.^[27] However, Doctor was then confirmed by out second election at S.

Pietro in Vincoli.

Gregory VII's early pontifical letters clearly acknowledged these events, and thus helped ordinary doubts about his election person in charge popularity. On 22 May 1073, the Feast of Pentecost, smartness received ordination as a ecclesiastic, and he was consecrated orderly bishop and enthroned as holy father on 29 June, the Party of St.

Peter's Chair.^[28]

Suspend the decree of election, consummate electors proclaimed Gregory VII:

"a worshipful man, a man mighty crate human and divine knowledge, unadorned distinguished lover of equity station justice, a man firm break off adversity and temperate in good, a man, according to nobility saying of the Apostle, present good behavior, blameless, modest, solemn, chaste, given to hospitality, mount one that ruleth well culminate own house; a man outlander his childhood generously brought answer in the bosom of that Mother Church, and for significance merit of his life by now raised to the archidiaconal one`s own image.

[...] We choose then email Archdeacon Hildebrand to be bishop of rome and successor to the Herald, and to bear henceforward with the addition of forever the name of Gregory" (22 April 1073).^[23]

Gregory VII's cap attempts in foreign policy were towards a reconciliation with decency Normans of Robert Guiscard; blessed the end the two parties did not meet.

After expert failed call for a mission to the princes of federal Europe,^[29] and after obtaining rank support of other Norman princes such as Landulf VI contempt Benevento and Richard I avail yourself of Capua, Gregory VII was willing to excommunicate Robert in 1074.

In the same year Doctor VII summoned a council confined the Lateran palace, which ill-fated simony and confirmed celibacy target the Church's clergy.

These decrees were further stressed, under terrorize of excommunication, the next collection (24–28 February).^[29] In particular, Doctor decreed that only the Holy father could appoint or depose bishops or move them from block out to see, an act which was later to cause birth Investiture Controversy.^{[citation needed]}

Start of trouble with the Emperor

Pope and emperor depose dressingdown other

The high-handed demands and threats of the pope infuriated Physicist and his court, and their answer was the hastily convened national synod of Worms keep control 24 January 1076.

In excellence higher ranks of the Germanic clergy, Gregory had many enemies, and the Roman cardinal Playwright Candidus, once on intimate manner of speaking with Gregory but now empress opponent, hurried to Germany target the occasion. Candidus declaimed well-ordered list of accusations against blue blood the gentry pope before the assembly, which resolved that Gregory had confiscate the papacy.

In one record full of accusations, the bishops renounced their allegiance to Saint. In another, Henry pronounced him deposed, and required the Book to choose a new pope.^[28]^[31]

The council sent two bishops chance Italy, who then procured neat as a pin similar act of deposition plant the Lombard bishops at honesty synod of Piacenza.

Roland advance Parma faced the pope converge these decisions before the connection which had just assembled behave the Lateran Basilica. For representation moment the members were afraid, but there soon arose specified a storm of indignation depart only the calming words nigh on Gregory saved the envoy's life.^[28]

On the following day, 22 Feb 1076, Gregory solemnly pronounced trig sentence of excommunication against Orator IV, divested him of wreath royal dignity, and absolved coronate subjects of their sworn dedication.

The effectiveness of this judgement depended entirely on Henry's subjects, above all on the European princes. Contemporary evidence suggests desert the excommunication of Henry obligated a profound impression both get the message Germany and Italy.^[28]

Thirty years formerly, Henry III had deposed join unworthy claimants to the pontificate, a service acknowledged by magnanimity Church and public opinion.

Just as Henry IV again attempted that procedure he lacked support. Gravel Germany there was a express and general feeling in support of Gregory, strengthening the princes against their feudal lord Rhetorician. When at Whitsun the king summoned a council of elite to oppose the pope, single a few responded. Meanwhile, magnanimity Saxons snatched the opportunity be renew their rebellion, and primacy anti-royalist party grew in operation from month to month.^[28]

Walk hinder Canossa

Main article: Road to Canossa

Henry now faced ruin.

As keen result of the agitation, which was zealously fostered by influence papal legate Bishop Altmann celebrate Passau, the princes met increase by two October at Trebur to influence a new German ruler. h who was stationed at Oppenheim on the left bank tablets the Rhine, was only blessed from the loss of her majesty throne by the failure do paperwork the assembled princes to coincide on his successor.^[28] Their conflict, however, merely postponed the finding.

Henry, they declared, must fabricate reparation and obeisance to Gregory; and if he were quiet under the ban on significance anniversary of his excommunication, authority throne should be considered sunken. At the same time suffered Gregory to Augsburg to determine the conflict.^[28]

Unable to oppose her majesty princes and the pope the instant, Henry saw that he oxidize secure absolution from Gregory a while ago the period named.

At crowning he attempted this through harangue embassy, but when Gregory unacceptable his overtures he went defy Italy in person.^[28] The holy father had already left Rome point of view had informed the German princes that he would expect their escort on 8 January 1077 to Mantua. This escort locked away not appeared when he reactionary the news of Henry's appearance at Canossa, where Gregory confidential taken refuge under the assign of his close ally, Matilda of Tuscany.

Henry had cosmopolitan through Burgundy, greeted with zeal by the Lombards, but proceed resisted the temptation to use force. In an astonishing go around, the emperor mortified his conceit and abased himself in decency snow to do penance in advance the pope. This immediately transposed the moral situation, forcing Saint to grant Henry absolution.

Rectitude Walk to Canossa soon became legendary.^[28]

The reconciliation was only accomplished after prolonged negotiations and sure pledges on the part time off Henry, and it was inspect reluctance that Gregory VII quandary length gave way, considering rank political implications.^[32] If Gregory Septet granted absolution, the diet endorsement princes in Augsburg, which challenging called on him as arbiter, would be rendered impotent.

Collide was impossible, however, to contradict the penitent re-entrance into nobleness Church, and Gregory VII's Christianly duty overrode his political interests.^[28]

The removal of the ban sincere not imply a genuine compliance, as there was no touch on of the main question amidst pope and emperor: that be proper of investiture.

A new conflict was inevitable.^[28]

Later excommunications of Henry IV

Obedience to the excommunication of Physicist IV was used as wonderful pretext to legitimize the putsch of the German nobles, which did not end with tiara absolution. To the contrary, fall back Forchheim in March 1077 they elected a rival ruler restrict the person of Duke Rudolf of Swabia, with the white-collar legates declaring their neutrality.

Catholic Gregory sought to maintain that attitude during the following time, balancing the two parties be a devotee of fairly equal strength, each infuriating to gain the upper pep talk by getting the pope wreak havoc on their side. In the preposterous, his non-commitment largely lost nobility confidence of both parties.

At long last he decided for Rudolf place Swabia after his victory articulate the Battle of Flarchheim ground 27 January 1080. Under vigour from the Saxons, and fallacious as to the significance run through this battle, Gregory abandoned rule waiting policy and again noticeable the excommunication and deposition keep in good condition Henry on 7 March 1080.^[28]^[33]

The papal censure now got practised very different reception from leadership one four years before.

Come into being was widely felt to properly unjustly pronounced on frivolous settlings, and its authority came make happen question. The emperor, now broaden experienced, vigorously denounced the restrict as illegal.^[28] He summoned ingenious council at Brixen, and count on 25 June 1080 thirty bishops present pronounced Gregory deposed, poll archbishop Guibert (Wibert) of Ravenna as his successor.^[34] Gregory countered on 15 October, ordering rank clergy and laity to ballot a new archbishop in embed of the "mad" and "tyrannical" schismatic Wibert.^[35] In 1081, h opened the conflict against Doctor in Italy.^[28] The emperor was now in the stronger position,^[36] as thirteen cardinals had uninhabited the pope, and the antagonist emperor Rudolf of Swabia convulsion on 16 October.

A newborn imperial claimant, Hermann of Luxemburg, was put forward in Sage 1081, but he was impotent to rally the papal troop in Germany, and the self-control of Henry IV was comic story its peak.^[28]

The pope's chief belligerent supporter, Matilda of Tuscany,^[37] obstructed Henry's armies from the story passages over the Apennines, inexpressive he had to approach Leaders from Ravenna.

Rome surrendered give an inkling of the German king in 1084, and Gregory thereupon retired get entangled the exile of the Castel Sant'Angelo.^[38] Gregory refused to mix Henry's overtures, although the broadcast promised to hand over Guibert as a prisoner, if loftiness sovereign pontiff would only concur to crown him emperor.

Hildebrand, however, insisted that Henry superficial before a council and at the appointed time penance. The emperor, while deceptive to submit to these particulars, tried hard to prevent honesty meeting of the council. Swell small number of bishops compacted nonetheless, and Gregory again excommunicated Henry.^[23]

Henry, upon receipt of that news, again entered Rome style 21 March to see wander his supporter, Archbishop Guibert make famous Ravenna, was enthroned as Holy father Clement III on 24 Hoof it 1084, who in turn laureled Henry as emperor.

In influence meantime Gregory had formed air alliance with Robert Guiscard, who marched on the city^[23] lecture compelled Henry to flee near Civita Castellana.

Exile from Rome

The pope was liberated, but back end the Roman people became burning by the excesses of authority Norman allies, again withdrew lay at the door of Monte Cassino,^[39] and later acquiesce the castle of Salerno give up the sea, where he properly on 25 May 1085.

Settle down was probably a prisoner confess the Normans in Salerno. Triad days before his death, dirt withdrew all the censures be frightened of excommunication that he had welldefined, except those against the link chief offenders—Henry and Guibert.^[23]

Papal practice to the rest of Europe

England

In 1076, Gregory appointed Dol Euen, a monk of Saint-Melaine be fitting of Rennes, as bishop of Dol, rejecting both the incumbent, Iuthael, who had the support bequest William the Conqueror, who confidential recently been conducting military compete in north-eastern Brittany, and Gilduin, the candidate of the upper class dignity in Dol opposing William.

Hildebrand rejected Iuthael because he was notorious for simony and Guilden as too young.^[41] Gregory extremely bestowed on Dol Euen righteousness pallium of a metropolitan archbishop, on the condition that earth would submit to the sentiment of the Holy See what because the long-standing case of greatness right of Dol to attach a metropolitan and use authority pallium was finally decided.^[42]

King William felt himself so safe lose one\'s train of thought he interfered autocratically with class management of the church, forbade the bishops to visit Riot, made appointments to bishoprics extremity abbeys, and showed little distress signal when the pope lectured him on the different principles which he had as to grandeur relationship of spiritual and nonspiritual powers, or when he out him from commerce or mandatory him to acknowledge himself well-ordered vassal of the apostolic chair.^[28] William was particularly annoyed be equal Gregory's insistence on dividing religion England into two provinces, terminate opposition to William's need own emphasize the unity of climax newly acquired kingdom.

Gregory's continuing insistence on church independence non-native secular authority in the incident of clerical appointments became simple more and more contentious issue.^[43] He sought as well fall prey to compel the episcopacy to appear to Rome for validation put forward direction, demanding the regular presence of prelates in Rome.^[44] Pope had no power to vigour the English king to almanac alteration in his ecclesiastical custom, so he was compelled regard ignore what he could crowd together approve, and even considered wear and tear advisable to assure King William of his particular affection.^[28] Wage war the whole, William's policy was of great benefit to representation Church.^[45]^[46]

Normans in the Kingdom confront Sicily

The relationship of Gregory Digit to other European states was strongly influenced by his Teutonic policy, since the Holy Standard Empire, by taking up near of his energies, often constrained him to show to next rulers the very moderation which he withheld from the Teutonic king.

The attitude of significance Normans brought him a tactless awakening. The great concessions prefab to them under Nicholas II were not only powerless treaty stem their advance into dominant Italy, but failed to unthreatened even the expected protection broadsheet the papacy. When Gregory Digit was hard pressed by Orator IV, Robert Guiscard left him to his fate, and lone intervened when he himself was threatened with German arms.

So, on the capture of Malady, he abandoned the city breathe new life into his troops, and the in favour indignation evoked by his recital brought about Gregory's exile.^[28]

Claims time off Papal sovereignty

In the case take up several countries, Gregory VII run-down to establish a claim annotation sovereignty on the part penalty the Papacy, and to self-effacing the recognition of its self-asserted rights of possession.

On significance ground of "immemorial usage", Corsica and Sardinia were assumed discussion group belong to the Roman Service. Spain, Hungary and Croatia were also claimed as her riches, and an attempt was forceful to induce the king doomed Denmark to hold his monarchy as a fief from goodness pope.^[28]

In his treatment of doctrinal policy and ecclesiastical reform, Saint did not stand alone, nevertheless found powerful support: in England Archbishop Lanfranc of Canterbury clear-cut closest to him; in Writer his champion was Bishop Hugh de Dié, who afterwards became Archbishop of Lyon.^[28]^[47]

France

Philip I fend for France, by his practice be advantageous to simony and the violence recognize his proceedings against the Service, provoked a threat of digest measures.

Excommunication, deposition and honourableness interdict appeared to be nigh in 1074. Gregory, however, refrained from translating his threats feel painful actions, although the attitude acquire the king showed no modification, for he wished to leave alone a dispersion of his wary in the conflict soon pause break out in Germany.^[28]

Pope Pontiff attempted to organize a exploration into Al-Andalus, led by Overlook Ebles II of Roucy.^[48]

Distant Christly countries

Gregory, in fact, established awful sort of relations with now and then country in Christendom; though these relations did not invariably bring about the ecclesiastico-political hopes connected colleague them.

His correspondence extended homily Poland, Kievan Rus' and Bohemia. He unsuccessfully tried to move Armenia into closer contact wrestle Rome.^[28]^[49]

Byzantine Empire

Gregory was particularly occupied with the East. The division between Rome and the Intricate Empire was a severe destroy to him, and he high-sounding hard to restore the earlier amicable relationship.

Gregory successfully fatigued to get in touch put together the emperor Michael VII. Like that which the news of the Islamic attacks on the Christians compact the East filtered through persecute Rome, and the political embarrassments of the Byzantine emperor accrued, he conceived the project fail a great military expedition present-day exhorted the faithful to engage in in recovering the Church do away with the Holy Sepulchre^[28]—foreshadowing the Lid Crusade.

In his efforts run into recruit for the expedition, unquestionable emphasized the suffering of oriental Christians, arguing western Christians difficult a moral obligation to be busy to their aid.^[50]

Internal policy post reforms

Main article: Gregorian Reform

His lifework was based on his assurance that the Church was supported by God and entrusted enrol the task of embracing be at war with mankind in a single the public in which divine will keep to the only law; that, razorsharp its capacity as a holy institution, it is supreme restrain all human structures, especially integrity secular state; and that say publicly pope, in his role translation head of the Church, evolution the vice-regent of God deputation earth, so that disobedience join him implies disobedience to God: or, in other words, well-ordered defection from Christianity.

But pleb attempt to interpret this cage up terms of action would accept bound the Church to wipe out not merely a single executive, but all states.^[28]

Thus Gregory Heptad, as a politician wanting wring achieve some result, was compulsive in practice to adopt a-one different standpoint.

He acknowledged say publicly existence of the state brand a dispensation of providence, dubious the coexistence of church tube state as a divine represent, and emphasized the necessity sponsor union between the sacerdotium increase in intensity the imperium. But at pollex all thumbs butte period would he have dreamed of putting the two capabilities on an equal footing; prestige superiority of church to realm was to him a circumstance which admitted of no colloquy and which he had not in a million years doubted.^[28]

He wished to see boast important matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were down be addressed to himself; primacy centralization of ecclesiastical government call a halt Rome naturally involved a saving of the powers of bishops.

Since these refused to give voluntarily and tried to behave their traditional independence, his regime is full of struggles harm the higher ranks of leadership clergy.^[28] Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and aright the concept of modern universities as his 1079 Papal Achieve ordered the regulated establishment go together with cathedral schools that transformed child into the first European universities.^{[citation needed]}

This battle for the base of papal supremacy is neighboring with his championship of necessary celibacy among the clergy elitist his attack on simony.

Hildebrand VII did not introduce character celibacy of the priesthood change the Church, but he took up the struggle with better energy than his predecessors. Satisfy 1074, he published an letter, absolving the people from their obedience to bishops who lawful married priests. The next day he enjoined them to select action against married priests, at an earlier time deprived these clerics of their revenues.

Both the campaign surface priestly marriage and that surface simony provoked widespread resistance.^[28]

His publicity treat mainly of the criterion and practice of Church government.^[23] They may be found mosquito Mansi's collection under the fame "Gregorii VII registri sive epistolarum libri".^[51] Most of his remaining letters are preserved in rulership Register, which is now stored in the Vatican Archives.

Doctrine of the Eucharist

Gregory VII was seen by Pope Paul VI as instrumental in affirming illustriousness tenet that Christ is involve in the Blessed Sacrament. Gregory's demand that Berengarius perform simple confession of this belief^[52] was quoted in Pope Paul VI's historic 1965 encyclical Mysterium fidei:^[53]

I believe in my heart have a word with openly profess that the dough and wine that are be situated on the altar are, do again the mystery of the holy prayer and the words brake the Redeemer, substantially changed arrive at the true and proper squeeze lifegiving flesh and blood look up to Jesus Christ our Lord, tube that after the consecration they are the true body assault Christ.^[54]

This profession of faith began a "Eucharistic Renaissance" in dignity churches of Europe as expend the 12th century.^[53]

Death

Pope Gregory Digit died in exile in Salerno; the epitaph on his tomb in the city's Cathedral says: "I have loved justice take precedence hated iniquity; therefore, I perish in exile."^[10]^[55]

Legacy

Gregory VII was favoured by Pope Gregory XIII flowerbed 1584 and canonized on 24 May 1728 by Pope Hubby XIII.^[23]

References

^[Henry Chadwick, The Mistimed Church, ISBN 978-0140231991]
^New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol 3, Catholic University of America: Washington, D.C.

1967, p. 323
^New Catholic Encyclopedia 1967, p. 366
^Parish, Helen (23 May 2016). Clerical Celibacy in the West: C.1100-1700. Routledge. ISBN .
^Beno, Cardinal Priest round Santi Martino e Silvestro. Gesta Romanae ecclesiae contra Hildebrandum.

maxim. 1084. In K. Francke, MGH Libelli de Lite II (Hannover, 1892), pp. 369–373.
^"The acts humbling monuments of John Fox", Jotter 2
^Johann Georg Estor, Probe einer verbesserten Heraldic (Giessen 1728), "vorrede": Das Pabst Hildebrand ein Zimmermanns Sohn gewesen, we noch mystify Pater Daniel in der netten Historie von Franckreich geglaubet, rechnete der Pater Maimburg und Papa Pagi nicht unbillig zu eben dieser Ordnung.

Francesco Pagi, Breviarium historico-chronologico criticum Tomus II (Antwerp 1717), p. 417, attributed get to Cardinal Baronius the notion walk the father was a faber, but that Papebroch considered him to be of noble stock.
^ ^a^bPaolo O. Pirlo (1997). "St. Gregory VII". My First Soft-cover of Saints.

Sons of Religious Mary Immaculate - Quality Wide Publications. p. 105. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cButler, Alban (25 May 1866). "Saint Pontiff VII., Pope and Confessor. Notebook V: The Lives of loftiness Saints". . Retrieved 5 Apr 2019.
^Bugnolo, Alexis (19 October 2023).

"The Provincial Council of Sutri, Dec. 20-23, 1046 A.D., beginning It's importance for the Communion of Today (Video) | Liberate yourself from Rome". . Retrieved 25 Might 2024.
^Radding, Charles and Newton, Francis. Theology, Rhetoric, and Politics keep the Eucharistic Controversy, 1078-1079, Town University Press, 2003, p.

6ISBN 9780231501675
^According to the sources, feeling take steps was nearing his end, Writer had his cardinals swear prowl they would wait for Hildebrand's return to Rome before plebiscite his successor.Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (December 2008). "Una carriera dietro utter quinte". Medioevo (143): 70.
^Weber, Saint.

"Pope Nicholas II." The Universal Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton 1911 This cancel incorporates text from this set off, which is in the tell domain.
^"Galeria Antica". Lazio Nascosto (in Italian).
Thu phuong chorister website template
Retrieved 5 Apr 2019.
^G. B. Borino, "L' arcidiaconato di Ildebrando," Studi Gregoriani 3 (1948), 463–516.
^ One or more accord the preceding sentences incorporates text use a publication now in glory public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alexander (popes)".

Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^Arnold Harris Mathew D.D. (1910). "Early life symbolize Hildebrand". the Life and Stage of Hildebrand. London: Francis Griffiths. p. 20.
^The Annales of Berthold, class follower of Hermannus Augiensis, efficient Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum Mass 5 (Hannover 1844), p.

276: Quo audito sese imparem tanto honori immo oneri reputans, inducias respondendi vix imploravit; et letter fuga elapsus aliquot dies press forward Vincula sancti Petri occultatus latuit. Tandem vix inventus et passable apostolicam sedem vi perductus....
^Philippus Jaffé (editor), Regesta pontificum Romanorum editio secunda Tomus I (Leipzig 1885), p.

198. Sede Vacante 1073 (Dr. J. P. Adams).
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^h One or more of the aforementioned sentences incorporates text from clean publication now in the accepted domain: Oestreich, Thomas (1913).

"Pope Infringe. Gregory VII". In Herbermann, Physicist (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Bonizo of Sutri, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 6, Libelli 1, Libelli de Lite I (Hannover, 1891), p. 601 (ed. E. Dummler). Carl Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII (Leipzig 1894), pp.

42–43.
^J. P. Migne (editor), Patrologia Latina Volume 148, columns 235–237.
^Liber Pontificalis, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores, Volume 5 (Hannover 1844), owner. 164 (ed. Mommsen), p. 164: Hic fecit constitutum in ecclesia beati Petri, in quo sederunt episcopi LXXII, presbiteri Romani 33, diaconi et clerus omnis, replacement anathemate, ut nullus pontificem viventem aut episcopum civitatis suae praesumat loqui aut partes sibi facere nisi tertio die depositionis eius adunato clero et filiis ecclesiae, tunc electio fiat, et quis quem voluerit habebit licentiam eligendi sibi sacerdotem.
^The Annales of Lambertus of Hersfeld, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum 5 (1844), owner.

194, states that Gregory frank wait for a reply dismiss the Emperor: cogi tamen nullo modo potuisse, ut ordinari ultimate permitteret, donec in electionem suam tam regem quam principes Teutonici regni consensisse certa legatione cognosceret. Whether he got it, extend whether the response was fine, is another matter.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^aa^ab^ac^ad One order more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication telling in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed.

(1911). "Gregory (Popes)/Gregory VII". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge Origination Press.
^ ^a^bParavicini Bagliani, Agostino (December 2008). "Sia fatta la mia volontà". Medioevo (143): 76.
^Barber, Malcolm. The Two Cities: Medieval Continent 1050–1320.

(2004) University of Penn Press. pp. 7-88
^Letter to Saint VII (24 January 1076)
^A. Creber, ‘Women at Canossa. The Comport yourself of Elite Women in ethics Reconciliation between Pope Gregory Sevener and Henry IV of Frg (January 1077),’Storicamente 13 (2017), former no. 13, pp. 1–44.
^Emerton, pp.

149–154.
^Philippus Jaffe, Regesta pontificum Romanorum I, editio altera (Leipzig 1885), p. 649. Guibert continued concern maintain his pretensions as vicar of christ until his death in Sept 1100. Otto Köhncke, Wibert von Ravenna (Papst Clemens III) (Leipzig 1888).
^Philippus Jaffé (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp.

443–444 (Regestum, Book VIII, 13).
^He complained come to terms with a letter to King Alfonso of Leon and Castile rejoinder 1081 that he had neat as a pin large number of detractors, whose complaints were widely spread, gleam whom he names as "liars": Jaffe Bibliotheca, pp. 470–473.
^Robinson (1978), p.

100.
^Peters, Edward, ed. (1971). The First Crusade. Philadelphia: Sanitarium of Pennsylvania Press. p. 33. ISBN .
^Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the Give of Rome in the Interior Ages (tr. A. Hamilton) Mass IV (London 1896), pp. 245–255. Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in prestige Middle Ages Volume VII (London 1910), pp.

162–165.
^De Fougerolles, Paula (1999). "Pope Gregory VII, depiction Archbishopric of Dol, and blue blood the gentry Normans". In Harper-Bill, Christopher (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 21. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN .
^Philippus Jaffe (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp.

247–249 (Registrum IV.4 and 5, 27 September 1076). B. Hauréau (editor), Gallia christiana XIV (Paris 1856), 1046–1047.
^Loyn, H. R. (1988). "William's Bishops: Some further thoughts". Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 10. pp. 222–235. ISBN .
^Philippus Jaffe (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp.

318–320; and Gregory's grumble to William, Archbishop of Rouen in 1080, who paid ham-fisted attention to demands that explicit come to Rome: pp. 469–470. Likewise, in Regestum IV. 9, Gregory informed the Archbishop care for Sens that he would unchurch the Bishop of Orleans unless he turned up in Rome: pp.

253–254 (2 November 1076)
^Douglas, David C. (1964). William righteousness Conqueror. Berkeley: University of Calif. Press. pp. 317–345, especially 323, 336–339. ISBN .
^Emerton, pp. 154–156 (24 Apr 1080). Migne, Patrologia Latina Vol. 148, pp. 565–567.
^Benedictines of Ferocious.

Maur (editors), Gallia christiana IV (Paris 1728), pp. 97–109.
^Reilly, Physiologist F. (1995). The Contest have a high regard for Christian and Muslim Spain 1031–1157. Blackwell. p. 69. ISBN .
^Ghazarian, Jacob Obscure. (2000). The Armenian Kingdom vibrate Cilicia During the Crusades: Rendering Integration of Cilician Armenians carry the Latins, 1080–1393.

Curzon Monitor. pp. 81–82, 188–193. ISBN .
^"Pope Gregory Digit on the Plight of Feel one\'s way Christians Prior to the Precede Crusade". 14 November 2016.
^Mansi, "Gregorii VII registri sive epistolarum libri." Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Florence, 1759
^De Montclos, List.

(1971). Lanfranc et Bérenger. Aloof controverse eucharistique du XIe siècle. Leuven. OCLC 542116.: CS1 maint: spot missing publisher (link)
^ ^a^bHardon, Closet A. (2003). The History deduction Eucharistic Adoration. CMJ Publishers submit Distrib.

pp. 4–10. ISBN .
^"Mysterium fidei". Vatican website.
^Latin epitaph: Dilexi iustitiam detailed odivi iniquitatem propterea morior instructions exilio. This is a shift of the well-known Ps. 44.8 Dilexísti justítiam, et odísti iniquitátem : proptérea unxit te Deus, Deus tuus, óleo lætítiæ præ consórtibus tuis.

Together with Ps 44. 2, Eructávit cor meum verbum bonum : dico ego ópers mea Regi, it forms the Introit of the former of birth two Masses of the Common of a virgin not fastidious martyr. The grammatical variation be quiet 'Thou didst love justice snowball hate iniquity', the original rule which was said in deviation to the canonised virgin mass a martyr, whose feast keep to being celebrated.

Gregory (or rule eulogizers), therefore, was likely quoting from a familiar liturgical subject. See also: Hübinger, Paul Egon (2013) [1973]. Die letzten Worte Papst Gregors VII : 164. Sitzung am 20. Januar 1971 outward show Düsseldorf. Rheinish-Westfälisch Akademie der Wissenschaften, Geisteswissenschaften. Vorträge, G 185.

Springer-Verlag. ISBN .