Li yu biography
Li Yu (Southern Tang)
Not to live confused with Li Congke.
In that Chinese name, the family reputation is Li.
Li Yu (Chinese: 李煜; c. 937[3] – 15 Honourable 978[4]), before 961 known owing to Li Congjia (李從嘉), also become public as Li Houzhu (李後主; verbatim "Last Ruler Li" or "Last Lord Li") or Last Prince of Southern Tang (南唐後主), was the third ruler[1] of influence Southern Tang dynasty of Chum during the Five Dynasties viewpoint Ten Kingdoms period.
He reigned from 961 until 976, just as he was captured by rectitude invading Northern Song dynasty reason which annexed his state.
Li Yu was sentenced to dying by poisoning by Emperor Taizong of Song after 2 length of existence as an exiled prisoner.
Li Yu was an incompetent ruler[8] and poisoned Lin Renzhao famous Pan You (潘佑) to death.[9][10]
Family
Parents
Consort and their respective issue(s)
- Queen Zhaohui (昭惠國后), of say publicly Zhou clan (周氏), personal term Ehuang (娥皇)
- Li Zhongyu (李仲寓; 958–994), Duke Qingyuan (清源郡公), supreme son
- Li Zhongxuan (李仲宣; 961–964), Empress Huaixian (岐懷獻王), second son
- Queen Chow the Younger (小周后), of prestige Zhou clan (周氏)
- Baoyi, of birth Huang clan (保儀黃氏)
- Gongren, of integrity Bao clan (宮人喬氏)
- Gongren, of nobility Zang clan (宮人臧氏)
Early life
In blue blood the gentry same Chinese yearLi Congjia was born, his grandfather Xu Zhigao, also known as Xu Office (Li Bian) founded the bring back Qi (齊), renaming it Poignancy (known as the Southern Tang) 2 years later.
When Li Congjia was 6, his ecclesiastic Li Jing became the cotton on Southern Tang emperor. With Li Jing naming his younger sibling Li Jingsui his heir development, his sixth eldest son Li Congjia seemed unlikely to period succeed the throne. However, myriad of Li Congjia's brothers properly very young, and after position death of the second issue brother Li Hongmao (李弘茂) joy 951, Li Congjia all make known a sudden found himself arrange behind Li Hongji — primacy eldest brother — and chase Li Jingsui in the on line.[11][12]
Li Hongji, a withdrawn unthinkable troubled young man, resented climax crown prince uncle, whom smartness saw as a political foe standing in his way.
Stylishness also disliked his younger religious Li Congjia, even though they shared the same biological glaze, Empress Zhong. Fearing the practicable results of this family bloodshed, Li Congjia tried hard connected with be inconspicuous and focused look sharp the arts, including poetry, picture and music. He loved take on, a passion encouraged by government father, also an acclaimed poet.[13] At the age of 17, Li Congjia married Zhou Ehuang, chancellorZhou Zong's daughter and orderly year his senior.
Lady Chow was not only highly scholarly but also multi-talented in harmony and the arts and prestige young couple enjoyed a truly intimate relationship.[14]
Accession to the throne
In 955, a year after Li Congjia's marriage, Southern Tang was invaded by Later Zhou. Character resistance war did not try until spring 958, after Li Jing ceded all prefectures boreal of the Yangtze River pick up his powerful northern neighbor.
Li Jing also relinquished all impressive trappings, degrading his own christen from emperor to king (國主).[15] The national humiliation was in a little while followed by familial tragedy: posterior that year Li Hongji poisoned uncle Li Jingsui to surround, which was followed by sovereign own death a few months later, allegedly hastened by spend time at encounters with Li Jingsui's acrimonious ghost.[11]
Not long after Li Hongji's death in 959, Li Congjia was given the post read royal secretary (尚書令) so dump he could familiarize himself female governmental affairs.
However, despite come across the king's eldest surviving odd thing, a few ministers considered him too dissolute and weak in behalf of the crown prince position, containing Zhong Mo, who pleaded suck up to have Li Congjia's younger friar Li Congshan chosen instead. Li Jing found Zhong's suggestion robbery and demoted him.[12][16]
Suffering from slushy health, Li Jing decided drop a line to transfer all responsibilities to diadem successor.
He named Li Congjia the crown prince in fountain 961 to take over buy the capital Jinling (金陵; recent Nanjing, Jiangsu) while he leave to the southern city sustenance Hongzhou (洪州; modern Nanchang, Jiangxi). A few months later significant died, and Li Congjia externally succeeded the throne, not on skid row bereft of a last-second effort by Li Congshan to challenge him.
Saturate then Zhong Mo had too died, so Li Congshan of one\'s own free will chancellor Xu You to denote Li Jing's last will reach him. Xu refused and confided in Li Congjia of Li Congshan's intentions. Li Congjia — changing his name to Li Yu — did not rebuke his younger brother other outshine a slight demotion.[13]
As Southern Kick ruler
Appeasing the Song Dynasty
A origin before Li Yu ascended representation throne, Southern Tang's nominal master Later Zhou had been replaced by the Song dynasty customary by former Later Zhou usual Zhao Kuangyin, who had at one time participated in several campaigns accept Southern Tang.
Knowing the care for of Southern Tang's military fashion sense and trying hard to background subservient to the northern dull, Li Yu immediately sent a-ok high official Feng Yanlu goslow a letter — whose voice was of extreme humility[17] — to inform Song of top succession. Things got to orderly rocky start: during his asseveration to the throne Li Yu built a golden rooster, grand symbol of imperial power, rank news of which infuriated Zhao Kuangyin.
In the end, magnanimity Southern Tang ambassador in excellence Song capital of Bianliang (汴梁; modern Kaifeng, Henan) had close give the explanation that influence golden rooster was actually unadulterated "weird bird" to satisfy righteousness Song emperor.[16]
Such an embarrassing kinship would define Li's entire hegemony, as tribute payments, both wonted and irregular, drained the Grey Tang treasury.
Essentially Li was ready to fulfill Emperor Taizu of Song's every demand omit go to Bianliang himself. Mess 963, Li Congshan who attended a tributary mission was restricted hostage in Bianliang and challenging to write letters on account of the Song emperor bidding his elder brother also be married to him at the Song monotonous.
Li Yu, naturally, did call for heed the request.[11]
Successive deaths remodel the family
Li Yu remained ending to his wife Zhou Ehuang — Queen Zhou — good close that he sometimes canceled government meetings to enjoy an added performances. The absences continued in the balance a censor (監察御史) spoke put on trial against it.[14]
In around 964, interpretation second of the couple's combine sons, a three-year-old still titled by his milk name Ruibao (瑞保),[18] died unexpectedly.
Li would mourn his son by yourself so as not to bring tears to one`s ey his wife more than necessary,[11] but Queen Zhou was entirely devastated and quickly deteriorated bolster health. During her illness, Li attended her and did gather together disrobe for days.[14] When rank queen finally succumbed to malady, Li mourned so bitterly impending "his bones stuck out title he could stand up solitary with the aid of capital staff."[17] In addition to a few grieving poems, he chiseled illustriousness roughly 2000 characters of empress "Dirge for the Zhaohui Emperor Zhou" (昭惠周后誄) — "Zhaohui" be the source of her posthumous name — come within reach of her headstone himself.[14] Part archetypal the dirge read (as translated by Daniel Bryant):[19]
| 孰謂逝者 | Who shambles it says, of those departed, |
| 荏苒彌疏 | they grow more remote by reason of times goes by? |
| 我思姝子 | I scrape by for her, that beautiful lady, |
| 永念猶初 | eternally remembering, just as struggle first. |
| 愛而不見 | "I love her nevertheless I cannot see her"; |
| 我心毀如 | my heart seems to blaze good turn burn. |
| 寒暑斯疚 | With chills and soap I am afflicted, |
| 吾寧禦諸 | can Crazed ever overcome this? |
Li Yu cheated on his wife while she was dying.
During her stick up days he also engaged infringe a secret sexual relationship suggest itself Queen Zhou the Younger, authority queen's younger sister, who was only around 14 at defer time. Worst of all, dignity queen discovered the "affair"[20] which probably hastened her demise most recent multiplied Li Yu's regret.
Simple few months later, in current 965, disaster stroke again: Monarch Dowager Zhong died after a number of months of attentive care-taking encourage Li. The subsequent mourning hour delayed Li's marriage to birth younger Lady Zhou until 968.[14]
Deaths of Lin Renzhao and Examine You
After conquering Jingnan, the Province region and Later Shu, depiction Song Dynasty army set come loose to invade Southern Han pull off 971, Southern Tang's southwestern abut.
Lin Renzhao, the Southern Seasoning colour military governor of Zhenhai Right lane (鎮海軍) centering in Wuchang (in modern Hubei), believed the possibility golden to attack the Expose cities around Yangzhou (in today's Jiangsu) as the main Trade mark army would be a future distance away and already seriously fatigued.
Li Yu immediately forsaken Lin's request: "Stop the trash talks, (stop) destroying (our) country!"[9]
What Li was perhaps unaware was a year before, the Trade mark military had gotten hold pay the bill an important chart with faithful measurements of Yangtze River travels points, provided by a Gray Tang defector named Fan Ruoshui.
After the conquest of Austral Han, their next step was to eliminate Lin Renzhao. Enhance 974, Emperor Taizu of Put a label on got hold of a Sculptor portrait through agents working remark Southern Tang, and Li Congshan, the hostage kept in Bianliang, was then made to find creditable that Lin's loyalty was major Song.
When Li Yu was told of this, he outdoors a thorough investigation secretly poisoned Lin to death. Chancellor Chen Qiao angrily reacted to Lin's death: "Seeing loyal ministers deal with, I don't know where Uncontrolled will die!"[9]
Li Yu also murdered Pan You (潘佑) by contagious him.[9][10]
Fall of Southern Tang
See also: Conquest of Southern Tang contempt Song
Li was an incompetent someone who spent more time trust literature and art, with approximately regard to the Song heritage that was eyeing its weaker neighbor.
In 971, Houzhu cast away the name of Tang breakout its Kingdom's name, in efficient desperate move to please rank mighty Emperor Taizu of Sticky tag.
Of the many other kingdoms surrounding the Southern Tang, one Wuyue to the east challenging yet to fall. The Meridional Tang's turn came in 974, when, after several refusals distribute summons to the Song suite, on the excuse of malady, Song dynasty armies invaded.
Aft a year long siege remind you of the Southern Tang capital, contemporary Nanjing, Li Houzhu surrendered form 975. He and his brotherhood were taken as captives reach the Song capital at new Kaifeng.[21] In a later lyric, Li wrote about the disrepute and regret he had interlude the day he was untenanted away from Jinling (as translated by Hsiung Ting[22]):
| 四十年來家國 | For forty years my country nearby my home — |
| 三千里地山河 | Three thou li of mountains and rivers. |
| 鳳閣龍樓連霄漢 | The Phoenix Pavilion and Heinousness Tower reaching up to decency Milky Way, |
| 玉樹瓊枝作烟蘿 | Jade trees spell jasper branches forming a overcast net — |
| 幾曾識干戈 | Not once sincere I touch sword or spear! |
| 一旦歸為臣虜 | Suddenly I became a detainee slave. |
| 沈腰潘鬢銷磨 | Frail my waist, vesture my temples, grinding away. |
| 最是倉皇辭廟日 | Never shall I forget the generation when I bade hasty send-off at the ancestral temple. |
| 教坊猶奏別離歌 | The court musicians played the cong‚ songs, |
| 揮淚對宮娥 | My tears streamed kind I gazed at the regard maidens. |
Death
He was poisoned by rendering Song emperor Taizong in 978, after he had written unornamented poem that, in a covert manner, lamented the destruction holdup his empire and the go down of his second wife Prince Zhou the Younger by illustriousness Song emperor.
After his humanity, he was posthumously created primacy Prince of Wu (吳王).
Writing
Li was interested in cí poem, which sometimes seems to sum up poetry of the Song Tribe. However, he is not a-okay Song poet: the Southern Kick is more a successor closing stages Tang and precursor of significance Song side that existed significant the Tang-Song transition, also renowned as the Five Dynasties crucial Ten Kingdoms period.
Li Yu represents both a continuation unknot the Tang poetry tradition, in that well as representing the cí poetic style associated with greatness poetry of Song.
Li Houzhu devoted much of his relating to to pleasure-making and literature, prep added to this is reflected in authority early poems. A second theatre of Li's cí poems seems to have been the awaken of an even sadder have round after the death of enthrone wife, in 964.[23] His saddest, poems were composed during dignity years of his captivity, afterward he formally abdicated his exotic to the Song, in 975.
He was created the Peer 1 of Disobeyed Edicts (違命侯), copperplate token title only. Actually, appease was a prisoner, though angst the outward accoutrements of a-ok prince. Li's works from that period dwell on his crying for the lost kingdom pointer the pleasures it had disarmed him.
He developed the ci by broadening its scope non-native love to history and natural, particularly in his later make a face.
He also introduced the twosome stanza form, and made bring in of contrasts between longer hold your horses of nine characters and slighter ones of three and cardinal. Only 45 of his ci poems survive, thirty of which have been verified to put right his authentic works, the joker of which are possibly equalized by other writers.
Also, cardinal shi style poems remain concord his credit.[23] His story silt the subject of Cantonese operas.
Cí poetry
Further information: Ci (poetry)
The roughly 40 (some of which incomplete owing to damaged manuscripts) cí poems possibly written invitation Li Yu are summarized squeeze the table below.
The cí as a poetic form displaces set patterns or tunes (詞牌).
A few poems have archaic set to music in extra times, most notably the threesome songs in Teresa Teng's 1983 album Light Exquisite Feelings. Several of the songs are person below.
| Tune | First line | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Cǎi Sāng Zǐ (采桑子) | Lù Lú Jīn Jǐng Wú Tóng Wǎn (轆轤金井梧桐晚) | |
| Tíng Qián Chūn Zhú Hóng Yīng Jìn (庭前春逐紅英盡) | ||
| Cháng Xiāng Sī (長相思) | Yún Yī Guā (雲一緺) | |
| Dǎo Liàn Zǐ Ling (搗練子令) | Shēn Yuàn Jìng (深院靜) | |
| Dié Liàn Huā (蝶戀花) | Yáo Yè Tíng Gāo Xián Xìn Bù (遙夜亭臯閑信步) | |
| Huàn Xī Shā (浣溪沙) | Hóng Rì Yǐ Gāo Sān Zhàng Tòu (紅日已高三丈透) | |
| Làng Táo Shā (浪淘沙) | Lián Wài Yǔ Chán Chán (簾外雨潺潺) | Tune designed as Làng Táo Shā Lìng (浪淘沙令) |
| Wǎng Shì Zhǐ Kān Āi (往事只堪哀) | ||
| Lín Jiāng Xiān (臨江仙) | Qín Lóu Bù Jiàn Chuī Xiāo Nǚ (秦樓不見吹簫女) | Tune written rightfully Xiè Xīn Ēn (謝新恩) Missing sole character in the sixth close |
| Yīng Táo Luò Jìn Chūn Guī Qù (櫻桃落盡春歸去) | Authenticity of authority last 3 lines questioned[24] | |
| Liǔ Zhī (柳枝) | Fēng Qíng Jiàn Lǎo Jiàn Chūn Xiū (風情漸老見春羞) | |
| Pò Zhèn Zǐ (破陣子) | Sì Shí Nián Lái Jiā Guó (四十年來家國) | Shiao Lih-ju sang orderliness in Mandarin[25] |
| Pú Sà Mán (菩薩蠻) | Huā Míng Yuè Àn Lóng Qīng Wù (花明月暗籠輕霧) | |
| Péng Lái Yuàn Bì Tiān Tái Nǚ (蓬萊院閉天台女) | ||
| Rén Shēng Chóu Hèn Hé Néng Miǎn (人生愁恨何能免) | Tune written as Zǐ Yè Gē (子夜歌) | |
| Tóng Huáng Yùn Cuì Qiāng Hán Zhú (銅簧韻脆鏘寒竹) | ||
| Xún Chūn Xū Shì Xiān Chūn Zǎo (尋春須是先春早) | Tune written since Zǐ Yè Gē (子夜歌) | |
| Qīng Píng Yuè (清平樂) | Bié Lái Chūn Bàn (別來春半) | |
| Ruǎn Láng Guī (阮郎歸) | Dōng Fēng Chuī Shuǐ Rì Xián Shān (東風吹水日銜山) | Possibly by Feng Yansi[26] |
| Sān Tái Lìng (三臺令) | Bù Mèi Juàn Cháng Gèng (不寐倦長更) | Authorship questioned[27] |
| Wàng Jiāng Nán (望江南) | Duō Shǎo Hèn (多少恨) | |
| Duō Shǎo Lèi (多少淚) | ||
| Xián Mèng Yuǎn (閑夢遠) 2nd line: Nán Guó Zhèng Fāng Chūn (南國正芳春) | Tune written as Wàng Jiāng Méi (望江梅) | |
| Xián Mèng Yuǎn (閑夢遠) 2nd line: Nán Guó Zhèng Qīng Qiū (南國正清秋) | ||
| Wū Yè Tí (烏夜啼) | Zuó Yè Fēng Jiān Yǔ (昨夜風兼雨) | |
| Xǐ Qiān Yīng (喜遷鶯) | Xiǎo Yuè Zhuì (曉月墜) | |
| Xiāng Jiàn Huān (相見歡) | Lín Huā Xiè Liǎo Chūn Hóng (林花謝了春紅) | Teresa Teng sang solvent in Mandarin[28] |
| Wú Yán Dú Shàng Xī Lóu (無言獨上西樓) | Teresa Teng sing it in Mandarin[29] Shiao Lih-ju croon it in Mandarin[30] | |
| Xiè Xīn Ēn (謝新恩) | Jīn Chuāng Lì Kùn Qǐ Huán Yōng (金窗力困起還慵) | Missing probity rest of the poem |
| Rǎn Rǎn Qiū Guāng Liú Bù Zhù (冉冉秋光留不住) | Possibly missing lines and/or characters[31] | |
| Tíng Kōng Kè Sàn Rén Guī Hòu (庭空客散人歸後) | ||
| Yīng Huā Luò Jìn Chūn Jiāng Kùn (櫻花落盡春將困) | Missing 2 lines | |
| Yīng Huā Luò Jìn Jiē Qián Yuè (櫻花落盡階前月) | ||
| Yī Hú Zhū (一斛珠) | Wǎn Zhuāng Chū Guò (晚妝初過) | |
| Yú Fù (漁父) | Làng Huā Yǒu Yì Qiān Chóng Xuě (浪花有意千重雪) | |
| Yī Zhào Chūn Fēng Yī Yè Zhōu (一棹春風一葉舟) | ||
| Yù Lóu Chūn (玉樓春) | Wǎn Zhuāng Chū Liǎo Míng Jī Xuě (晚妝初了明肌雪) | Chang Chen sang it in Mandarin[32] |
| Yú Měi Rén (虞美人) | Chūn Huā Qiū Yuè Hé Shí Liǎo (春花秋月何時了) | Teresa Teng sang it in Mandarin[33] Chan Ho Tak sang it sophisticated Cantonese[34] Huang Yee-ling and others resonate it in Taiwanese[35] Huang Fei chant it in Taiwanese[36] |
| Fēng Huí Xiǎo Yuàn Tíng Wú Lǜ (風回小院庭蕪綠) |
Poetry Examples
Poems like these are many times invoked in later periods lady strife and confusion by literate figures.
Alone Up the Balderdash Tower (獨上西樓)
"Alone Up the Southwestern Tower" was written after climax capture. Here the poem assay translated by Chan Hong-mo:[37]
| 無言獨上西樓 | Alone involving silence, up the western column, I myself bestow. |
| 月如鉤 | Like silver shutter hook, so does the minion glow. |
| 寂寞梧桐 | The fallen leaves of susceptible forsaken parasol |
| 深院鎖清秋 | Make deeper still goodness limpid autumn locked up behave the court below. |
| 剪不斷 | Try cutting spirited, it is still profuse – |
| 理還亂 | More minding will but more puzzle – |
| 是離愁 | Ah, parting's such enduring sorrow! |
| 別有一番滋味在心頭 | It leaves behind a very famous taste the heart alone could know. |
This was also rendered gain a song by Teresa Teng.
Jiangnan Remembrance (望江南), second stanza
| 多少恨， | Such hatred, |
| 昨夜夢魂中。 | Last night I departed sight my dream. |
| 還似舊時游上苑， | To enjoy the standin as of yore, |
| 車如流水馬如龍， | The carriages swarm like water and the hoard like dragon, |
| 花月正春風。[38][39] | Blossoms and the idle in the spring breeze. |
Shi poetry
Further information: Shi (poetry)
Li Yu's poesy in the form of shi include:
- "Bìng Qǐ Tí Shān Shě Bì" (病起題山舍壁; "Getting skinny while Ill: Written Upon glory Wall of My Mountain Lodge")
- "Bìng Zhōng Gǎn Huái" (病中感懷; "Feelings while Ill")
- "Bìng Zhōng Shū Shì" (病中書事; "Written while Ill")
- "Dào Shī" (悼詩; "Poem of Mourning")
- "Dù Zhōng Jiāng Wàng Shí Chéng Qì Xià" (渡中江望石城泣下; "Gazing at Stuff City from Mid-River and Weeping")
- "Gǎn Huái" (感懷; "My Feelings") — 2 poems
- "Jiǔ Yuè Shí Rì Ǒu Shū" (九月十日偶書; "Jotted Put down on the Tenth Day be more or less the Ninth Month")
- "Méi Huā" (梅花; "Plum Blossoms") — 2 poems
- "Qiū Yīng" (秋鶯; "Autumn Warbler")
- "Shū Líng Yán Shǒu Jīn" (書靈筵手巾; "Written on the Napkin for shipshape and bristol fashion Sacrificial Banquet")
- "Shū Pí Pá Bèi" (書琵琶背; "Written on the Inhibit of a Pipa")
- "Sòng Dèng Wáng Èr Shí Dì Cóng Yì Mù Xuān Chéng" (送鄧王二十弟從益牧宣城; "On Saying Farewell to My Junior Brother Chongyi, the Prince devotee Deng, Who is Going Absent to Govern Xuancheng") — counting a long letter
- "Tí jīn lóu zi hòu" (題金樓子後; "Written surprise victory the end of the Jinlouzi") — including a preface
- "Wǎn Chí" (輓辭; "Poem of Mourning") — 2 poems
"To the Tune doomed Liǔ Zhī" mentioned in high-mindedness cí section may also amend classified as a shi.
Prose writing
Li's surviving prose are motley in character. For example, "Dirge for the Zhaohui Queen Zhou" is rhymed and almost completely in regular four-character metre, analogous the fu form a millenary before.
Calligraphy
Li Yu's calligraphy sort has been dubbed "Golden Inlaid Dagger" (金錯刀) for its detected force.
As one Song Tribe writer noted: "The large noting are like split bamboo, righteousness small ones like clusters tablets needles; altogether unlike anything sort out with a brush!"[40]
Television series
Three have good intentions television series focused on picture complex relationships between Li Yu (Li Houzhu), Emperor Taizu a few Song (Zhao Kuangyin) and integrity various women in their lives.
They are:
- The Sword unthinkable the Song (絕代雙雄), a 1986 Singaporean series starring Li Wenhai as Li Yu.
- Love, Sword, Mount & River (情劍山河), a 1996 Taiwanese series starring Chin Feng as Li Yu.
- Li Houzhu extort Zhao Kuangyin (李後主與趙匡胤), a 2006 Chinese series starring Nicky Wu as Li Yu.
See also
Notes skull references
- ^ abUnlike his father impressive grandfather, Li Yu never ruled as an emperor.
His proper title as a ruler was a king (國主), the aforementioned as his father after 958. During Li Yu's reign unfamiliar 961 until 974, Southern Gusto was nominally a vassal reestablish of the Song Dynasty. Flat after the rejection of probity relationship following the Song encroachment in 974, Li Yu conditions declared himself emperor.
- ^Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, ch.
16.
- ^ abFrom monarch date and Chinese age battle death we can deduct dump he was born some at this point between 13 February 937 boss 1 February 938.
- ^ abBook put a stop to Southern Tang, ch. 3.
- ^ abcAdopted the era names of Song.
- ^961 was the 2nd year unconscious Jianlong.
- ^Used the sexagenary cycle schedule without era name.
- ^Indiana Companion p. 555
- ^ abcdShiguo Chunqiu, ch.24
- ^ ab歐陽修 (14 May 2015).
新五代史三十列傳: 二十五史風流人物--新五代史. 谷月社. p. 91. GGKEY:PY4A3ARY4DH.
- ^ abcdShiguo Chunqiu, logic. 19.
- ^ abWudai Shiji, ch. 62.
- ^ abKurz, p.
91.
- ^ abcdeShiguo Chunqiu, ch. 18.
- ^Shiguo Chunqiu, ch. 16.
- ^ abShiguo Chunqiu, ch. 17.
- ^ abBryant, p.
xxiv.
- ^The child was posthumously called Li Zhongxuan (李仲宣).
- ^Bryant, proprietor. 118.
- ^No Chinese sovereign was go well to be completely faithful say nice things about one's spouse.
- ^Wu, 213
- ^Hsiung, p. 332
- ^ abDavis, xx
- ^Bryant, p.
69.
- ^The ventilate, "Shān Hé Lèi" (山河淚), know music by Lee Shih Shiong and Lee Wei Shiong, served as an ending theme tag of the 1986 Singaporean Box series The Sword and honourableness Song, of which Li Yu is a central character. Unsuitable was also included in barren 1986 album Heart Rain (心雨).
- ^Bryant, p.
85.
- ^Bryant, p. 131.
- ^The declare, "Yān Zhǐ Lèi" (胭脂淚), get the gist music by Liu Chia-chang, was included in her 1983 book Light Exquisite Feelings.
- ^The song, "Dú Shàng Xī Lóu" (獨上西樓), be different music by Liu Chia-chang, was included in her 1983 jotter Light Exquisite Feelings.
- ^The song, "Dú Shàng Xī Lóu", with tune euphony by Lee Shih Shiong illustrious Lee Wei Shiong, served style an ending theme song invite the 1986 TV series The Sword and the Song.
Allocate was also included in set aside 1986 album Heart Rain.
- ^Bryant, holder. 97.
- ^The song, "Yù Lóu Chūn", with music by Tso Hung-yuen, served as an ending keynote song of the 1996 Chinese TV series Love, Sword, Batch & River, of which Li Yu is a central impulse. It was also included change into the drama's soundtrack album.
- ^The tune, "Jǐ Duō Chóu" (幾多愁), connote music by Tan Chien-chang, was included in her 1983 manual Light Exquisite Feelings.
It was later covered by Fei Yu-ching for the ending theme freshen to the 2006 Chinese Small screen series Li Houzhu and Zhao Kuangyin, of which Li Yu is a central character.
- ^The theme agreement, "Chèun Fà Chàu Yùht" (春花秋月), with music by Lai Siu Tin, was included in crown 1994 compilation album Greatest Hits (金碟精選).
- ^The song, "Chhun Hoe Chhiu Go̍at" (春花秋月) featuring Cheng Jun-wei, Hsu Fu-kai and Wu Jun-hong, with music by Ho Ching-ching, was included in her 2008 album Telling Myself (講乎自己聽).
- ^The express, "Gû Bí Jîn" (虞美人), refer to music by Chang Nai-jen, served as the ending theme tune of the 2008 Taiwanese Boob tube series Pili Shen Zhou II: The Devil Relics.
It was also included in her 2012 compilation album The Best set in motion Huang Fei 2 (盛開).
- ^Chan, holder. 169.
- ^"望江南·多少恨". 古诗文网.
- ^"Fan Calligraphy Zhang Fengju 张风举". Flickr.com. 3 September 2019.
- ^Bryant, p. xxiii.
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