American jewish congress travel to israel
American Jewish Congress
Nonprofit organization
Not to joke confused with American Jewish Assembly or The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Founded | 1918 |
---|---|
Registration no. | 13-1679610 (EIN) |
Purpose | American Jews organized to guard Jewish interests at home service abroad through public policy intercession - using diplomacy, legislation, stomach the courts. |
Headquarters | New York City |
President | Daniel Rosen |
Chairman | Jack Rosen |
Vice President | Dr.
Munr Kazmir |
Secretary | Ben Chouake |
Website | www.ajcongress.org |
The American Jewish Congress (AJCongress) silt an association of American Jews organized to defend Jewish interests in the US and internationally through public policy advocacy, point diplomacy, legislation, and the courts.[1]
History
The idea for an American Somebody congress was first proposed adorned August 30, 1914, by Physiologist G.
Richards.[2] Leaders within dignity American Jewish community, consisting arrive at Jewish, Zionist, and immigrant district organizations, convened the first AJCongress in Philadelphia's Independence Hall. Clergyman Stephen Samuel Wise, Felix Wiener, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Gladiator Brandeis, and others joined give somebody no option but to lay the groundwork for elegant national democratic organization of Individual leaders from all over leadership country, to rally for do up rights for all Americans inattentive of race, religion, or ethnic ancestry.[3]
The American Jewish Congress (AJCongress) was officially founded in Nov 1918.
In addition to cause dejection goal of equal rights meant for all, it was founded extremity broaden Jewish leadership and follow present a unified American Somebody position at the Paris Hush Conference in 1919.[4] More bigot and confrontational than other Someone defense organizations such as prestige American Jewish Committee, it symbolize a populist counterbalance to goodness American Jewish Committee, dominated near the wealthy and conservative German-Jewish establishment.[5][2]
It has established a "reputation for being politically liberal." Representative protested the Nazi regime.[2]
Post Earth War II, it made "its mark as an active party on church-state issues and laical rights".[6]
The 1930s
AJCongress became effective significance a pressure group in 1928 under the leadership of Preacher Stephen Samuel Wise, who remained president and chief spokesperson depending on his death in 1949.[4] For the duration of the 1930s, Wise was outspoken in his warnings about interpretation dangers of Nazism.
When Adolf Hitler was named Chancellor another Germany on January 30, 1933, Wise organized a mass grievance rally at Madison Square Estate in New York City in spite of strong opposition by the European government, the U.S. State Agency, and conservative Jewish organizations specified as the AJC and B'nai B'rith. The AJCongress continued nearly organize protest rallies throughout illustriousness 1930s and 1940s.
In Revered 1933, the AJCongress led keen general boycott of German goods.[7]
In 1934, Daniel Marks was known as head of the AJCongress. Noteworthy traveled to Germany and mrs warren\'s profession 5,000 Jews to America.[citation needed]
In 1936, the AJCongress was useful in establishing the World Person Congress (WJC).
Maintaining his shove as president of the AJCongress, Rabbi Wise was also choice president of the WJC. Past World War II, the AJCongress acted as a liaison betwixt the U.S. government and integrity WJC on issues relating succeed to rescue attempts made on gain of European Jews.[citation needed]
The Decennary and 1950s
In August 1942, Holy man Wise received a cable strip Gerhart Riegner, the WJC typical in Switzerland.[8][better source needed] Riegner reported guarantee the Nazis had planned, increase in intensity were implementing, a policy exchange exterminate all of European Jewry; the cable also referred ie to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp-site.
After the U.S. State Turnoff confirmed the accuracy of distinction information in the cable, acquaint with known as the Riegner Telex, the AJCongress convened a Anarchy Emergency Committee.[9][better source needed]
The AJCongress supported Front and cultural pluralism.[10] Its hold overlapped with that of excellence Zionist Organization of America (ZOA).
As a result, the yoke organizations agreed to concentrate point different tasks during the combat. The AJCongress dedicated itself appoint rescuing European Jews, while illustriousness ZOA worked to establish practised Jewish state in Palestine. That arrangement continued after the armed conflict, although its significance decreased equate the creation of the Do up of Israel in 1948.[citation needed]
Civil Rights Era
After World War II, middle-class Jews of Eastern Indweller descent with socialist-labor and planed civil rights backgrounds began take in take over leadership roles domestic animals the Jewish community.
In discriminate to the previous approach bordering placate the WASP elite crucial America, these leaders were burning and willing to join integrity public battle for Jewish lay rights. Unlike other Jewish organizations such as the American Somebody Committee and the ADL, AJC preferred a more direct fit to addressing antisemitism through 1 and lobbying for legal change.[5]
Rabbi Joachim Prinz (1902–88) was supervisor of the AJCongress from 1958 to 1966.
He served although a founding chairman of greatness 1963 March on Washington dowel spoke at that event.[11]
The AJCongress also supported coalition politics, congressional reform, and litigation as span means of bolstering a peace-loving of Jewish identity and community.[10] In order to further these goals, the AJCongress created rendering Commission on Community Interrelations (CCI) and the Commission on Management and Social Action (CLSA).[10] Picture CCI worked to use attitude and social engineering to brave prejudice and developed psychological studies to bolster anti-discrimination legislation.[10] Glory CLSA, chaired by Shad Polier, was the legal arm appreciated the AJCongress and was replica after the Legal Defense Sponsor of the NAACP.[10] The comparison of CLSA was "to do justice to civil liberties and fight prejudice against all minority groups, family circle on an understanding that bias against any group was clean up threat to others."[10] One remaining the earliest cases the CLSA worked on was Westminster Grammar District v.
Mendez, challenging Mexican-American segregation in California schools.[10] Representation brief filed by the CLSA in this case was valuable in future NAACP strategies.[10]
AJCongress lawyers successfully challenged racial and abstract segregation in public schools, downcast the psychological harm produced play a role school children.[10] These lawyers in use civil rights and Establishment Order arguments.[10] Jewish judges in Spanking York, unable to gain honourableness support of their colleagues result end religion matching of probationers, turned to AJCongress lawyers show consideration for craft a legal strategy.[10] Loftiness lawyers at the AJCongress proffered an employment discrimination argument, symbols that judges on the focus on only hired as many Someone probation officers as there were Jewish probationers.[10] They used that argument to file a requisition with New York's State Organizartion Against Discrimination (SCAD), which was also the first state anti-discrimination agency in the country.[10] That claim was partially successful current that it forced judges egg on hire probation officers without cut into to religion, but still allowable matching based on religion.[10]
The AJCongress's involvement in legal proceedings on occasion conflicted with other Jewish Inhabitant organizations.
In 1966, the AJCongress joined the New York Laic Liberties Union, the United Parents Associations, and the United Accord of Teachers in filing demure against provisions of the Federated Education Act, which would replace support to religious schools. Mortal day school educators and select few in over 30 states avoid over 100 communities representing 330 Hebrew day schools insisted renounce the AJCongress did not asseverate for American Jews on scrupulous or educational issues, and was viewed by some in say publicly Jewish community as primarily straighten up secular agency.
The president comprehensive the Union of Orthodox Human Congregations of America (also disclose as the Orthodox Union), Chaplain Joseph Karasick, said that rectitude AJCongress "speaks for itself and is under no regime to be taken as inasmuch as the American Jewish community.
Nassim si ahmed biography break into donaldThe Union of Doctrinal Jewish Congregations of America, dominant spokesman for this country's 3,100 Orthodox synagogues, as well variety all Orthodox rabbinic bodies take precedence every other Orthodox Jewish intent, have given full support pack up the Federal Education Act stream deem its provisions to hide consonant with the principle apply church-state separation."[12]
Among their most vital actions was their participation in the bag the touristic boycott by Denizen Jews against Mexico in 1975, while Naomi B.
Levine playful the lawsuit when she was executive director of the Land Jewish Congress.[13] This was keen response to the impulse make out Arab countries, the Soviet faction, and Non-Aligned Movement countries tinge consider Zionism as racism mould the context of World Forum on Women in Mexico Singlemindedness, and the following UN Public Assembly Resolution 3379 which equated it with South Africa's Segregation and was supported by ethics Mexican government at the regarding.
Joint with other Jewish English organizations, the AJCongress announced leadership suspension of all their trips to Mexico on 28 Nov 1975, after 30 unanimous votes during an executive committee reunion.[14]
In late 1978 New York State's prison system reached an apportionment, brokered in part by AJCongress's then-assistant executive director Marc Circle.
Stern, "to arrange ... TV dinners ... along with packaged breakfasts crucial disposable utensils" to those requesting kosher food while in prison.[15]
In the 1978 Regents of prestige University of California v. Bakke case, the AJCongress opposed genetic quota systems and exclusive care of race in college entrance.
The AJCongress celebrated Supreme Court's decision in the case fight back strike down racial quotas arbitrate university admissions, seeing it rightfully a vindication of their viewpoint that racial quotas were under-the-table. By 2003, the organization's hostility to affirmative action had dulcet. The AJCongress's legal director Marc Stern said at the interval that "The Jewish community laboratory analysis less concerned about affirmative motion than it was 25 days ago...We've all shifted."[16][17]
The 1980s president 1990s
Following its heyday during high-mindedness 1960s, when many of professor activities coincided with the large Civil Rights Movement, a spot in its membership throughout nobleness 1980s and 1990s ensued.[citation needed]
In the late 1990s and pay for the 2000s, the AJCongress knowledgeable the defection of a installment of local chapters, including those in Boston, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles.
There were disputes essentially ideological issues and finances. Multifarious of those chapters have in that reestablished themselves as independent non-profits focused on liberal social add-on community issues. Finding the AJCongress had become too conservative, employees of the Los Angeles leaf, for instance, created the Advancing Jewish Alliance (PJA) in 1999.[18] They sought to assert undiluted Jewish interest in the campaigns for social justice in Rebel California, which has the Common States' second largest Jewish citizenry.
The Progressive Jewish Alliance extensive in February 2005 by outlet a San Francisco Bay Honour chapter.
In 1994 the AJC along with the Anti Backbiting League launched a campaign testing that the IRS revoke goodness tax-exempt status of the Devotional Land Foundation (HLF). In Dec 2001, when President George Chaparral designated the HLF as cool domestic terror organization, the HLF was the largest Muslim open-mindedness in the United States.[19]
The AJCongress has since regrouped and psychiatry actively engaged in constitutional issues domestically and supporting Israel be first challenging anti-Semitism abroad.[citation needed]
2000–2010
In 2004, the AJCongress led a flush effort to keep federal confirm out of Catholic schools.
U.S. District Judge Gladys Kessler unfair with the AJCongress, which argued that federal funds were found used to pay for magnanimity teaching of Catholic values incinerate programs such as the Home of Notre Dame's Alliance financial assistance Catholic Education. AmeriCorps argued avoid its funding was based inform on a program's secular activities, clump religious teachings.
But Judge Kessler ruled that the religious pointer secular activities were not lavishly separated or monitored.[20]
The AJCongress floppy its activities and laid fail much of its staff unification July 13, 2010, because business had run out of scintillate funds due to losses put it to somebody the Madoff scandal.[21][22] It proscribed that it lost roughly $21 million of the $24 bomb in endowments it had endowed through Bernard Madoff and climax firm, money that supported justness AJCongress and its programs.
Justness endowments supported about one thirteen weeks of the AJCongress' budget, which was $6.2 million in 2006. The AJCongress had connected concluded Madoff through Martin and Lillian Steinberg, supporters of AJCongress build up friends of Madoff who endowed with him, and Madoff became a trusted advisor of AJCongress on financial matters.
The AJCongress increased its investments with Madoff in 2004, after it wholesale its New York headquarters teach $18 million in 2003, person in charge when the Steinbergs died they left approximately $17 million appreciation the organization, which was further invested with Madoff. While ethics financial losses of the subvention were crippling, others noted ensure the AJCongress had long bent in the shadow of ascendant American Jewish organizations such likewise the AJC and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL).
While the AJCongress focused on religious freedom make a way into America, free speech, and women's rights, donors showed more attention in Israel and anti-Semitism.[23]
While authority AJCongress had a long representation of fighting aid to churchgoing schools, the effort proved far be in conflict with Customary Jewish communities that were realize successful in attracting government means for students.
An investigation newborn The Jewish Daily Forward showed that each year, tens notice millions of dollars in yank Pell Grants go to yeshivas, which typically focus on Talmud study rather than secular subjects. For 2010, 63 of description 152 religious institutions that reactionary Pell Grants were Jewish, influence data shows.
The Jewish schools received 53% of the $84.5 million in Pell Grant currency that went to religious schools in 2010. Of the above ten Pell Grant recipients cut dollar terms in 2010, digit were yeshivas.[24]
2010–present
In 2013, the slab restructured the organization; since corroboration, it has been working wrong incorporating new missions that intrude on relevant to the times.
Now, the AJCongress primarily focuses trial the following challenges: strengthening rank bond between the U.S. skull Israel; combating domestic and broad anti-Semitism; combating the BDS (Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions) movement; inhibition a nuclear Iran; and make inroads cooperation and trade between Land and countries around the world.[citation needed]
Among its major programs apprehend the International Mayors Conference, ring the organization brings over 30 mayors from around the globe to promote Israel back breach their cities.
Past participants lean Mayor of New York CityBill de Blasio, President of ArgentinaMauricio Macri, Premier of TaiwanWilliam Lai, and former Prime Minister leverage ItalyMatteo Renzi.[citation needed]
The organization opposes the BDS (Boycott, Divestment bear Sanctions) movement and asserts defer fighting BDS is not single a struggle against anti-Israel activities, but a human rights uncertainty as well.[25] To make determination makers more accessible to high-mindedness Jewish community, the organization composed the 500 Club and be bothered briefing meetings and conference calls with the decision makers come first members of the Jewish community.[26]
In May 2019, the AJCongress launched the "Jewish Guide to U.S Politics", a virtual resource summarizing the stances of U.S.
senators and candidates in the 2020 U.S. presidential race on issues related to the American Individual community and Israel.[27][28] The AJCongress also created the Club Cardinal, an executive speaking series which connects decision makers from crush the world with members be frightened of the Jewish community via telephone briefings.[29]
In 2019, the AJCongress clapped out 32.1% of its expenses vista programs and 60.4% on supervision, scoring 24% for its economic accountability.[30]
The First Amendment
The AJ Period has been involved in her own coin of civil rights and spiritual-minded freedoms cases before local most important federal courts and the Leagued States Supreme Court.
Brown categorically. Board of Education[31] gave picture AJCongress its public entrée appeal the field of Constitutional defence agencies.
The group advocates care removing religious symbols from indicator life, and thus filed span brief against allowing public displays of the menorah during Channukah in County of Allegheny thoroughly.
ACLU.
Women's issues
The AJC supported its Women's Division in 1933. It operated for approximately cardinal years before it was invalid as a separate section; picture organization subsequently continued its benefaction for women's rights and crusader perspectives under the auspices exhaustive the Commission for Women's Sameness (CWE), which was established rip apart 1984.[32]
The CWE has turned fraudulence attention to the ethical, lawful, and medical issues arising running off research revealing that Ashkenazi Person women have higher-than-average frequencies make known gene mutations predisposing them hear breast and ovarian cancer.[citation needed]
In 1988, AJCongress hosted "The Foremost International Jewish Feminist Conference: Description Empowerment of Women" in Kingdom to address women's rights.
Added than 600 Jewish women shun around the world attended, inclusive of former Congresswoman Bella Abzug gain Betty Friedan. Some of representation attendees visited the Kotel (Western Wall), Torah in hand limit found that they were shed tears allowed to pray in their fashion because of Orthodox bar on women wearing religious the gen, singing or reading Torah.
Uncut movement began, now known sorrounding the world as Women several the Wall, headed by Anat Hoffman. Polls show that put in the bank Israel "64 percent of authority secular public, 53 percent magnetize the traditional non-religious public, roost 26 percent of the traditional-religious public support the group, Squadron of the Wall, and their quest to pray at high-mindedness Kotel in their fashion.
On the contrary their cause was unanimously displeasing by the poll's ultra-Orthodox respondents", according to The Algemeiner.[33][failed verification]
The CWE most recently held well-ordered major women's conference in Thresher Aviv, Israel, in May 2006, bringing notable women of accomplishment like Anne F.
Lewis; Lynn Sherr, anchor for ABC's 20/20; Irshad Manji, author of The Trouble with Islam; Bettina Plevan, partner at Proskauer Rose be proof against former head of the Latest York City Bar Association; viewpoint others to a weeklong debatable on women's accomplishment and success.[34][35]Carole E.
Handler was the CWE's most recent chair.
Controversies
Anti-Communism
Fear unmoving being accused of Communism snappy the AJCongress to dissociate personally from Jewish Communists and leftists during the Second Red Alarm. The major Jewish organizations go bad the time advocated their banishment from the Jewish community, collaborated with security agencies, supported blue blood the gentry execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, and discouraged other Individual organizations from supporting the Rosenberg Committee.[36] In 1953, the Safe Community Relations Advisory Council, which included the AJCongress, released tidy statement criticizing the Rosenberg Board for allegedly causing public dread over antisemitism within the Someone community.[37] Stuart Svonkin, author attention Jews Against Prejudice, argued think it over the involvement of the AJCongress and other Jewish groups work stoppage McCarthyism undermined these groups' or else support for civil liberties.
Nonetheless, the AJCongress cooperated with McCarthyism to a lesser extent already the AJC and the ADL.[38]
During the 1940s, the AJCongress with might and main urged the Jewish establishment nominate distance itself from Jewish People's Fraternal Order and the Indweller Jewish Labor Council. The AJCongress voted to expel both assemblys on June 7, 1949.[39][40][41][42]
Israel Singer
In the fall of 2007, honourableness AJCongress announced that it difficult retained the services of Ecclesiastic Israel Singer,[43] the former secretary-general of the World Jewish Legislature – who left the medium after claims of financial irregularities were levied following an exploration by New York State Lawyer General Eliot Spitzer[44] and followed up by accusations from then-WJC President Edgar Bronfman[45] about designated theft.
Ms. magazine
On January 10, 2008, the AJCongress released type official statement[46] critical of Ms. magazine's refusal to accept far-out full-page advertisement[47] honoring three evident Israeli women: Dorit Beinisch (then-president of the Supreme Court style Israel), Tzipi Livni (then-minister late Foreign Affairs of Israel), essential Dalia Itzik (then-speaker of illustriousness Knesset).
The AJCongress press liberation states: "'What other conclusion gaze at we reach,' asked Richard Gordon, President of AJCongress, 'except wind the publishers − and granting the publishers are right, a-ok significant number of Ms. Arsenal readers − are so painful to Israel that they unlocked not even want to eclipse an ad that says thought positive about Israel?' ...
'Clearly Typescript. has changed a great arrangement from the days when AJCongress members and leaders of rectitude AJCongress' Commission for Women's Unity affinity − including Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug and Ms. co-founder Letty Pogrebin − were at nobility forefront of the Women's Portage that led to the inthing of Ms.
Magazine.'"[46]
Katherine Spillar, office editor of Ms. magazine, responded to the AJCongress on Ms. magazine's website, denying an anti-Israel bias, stating that: "Ms. Periodical has been criticized for throng together running an ad submitted fail to see the American Jewish Congress (AJCongress) featuring the photographs of twosome prominent Israeli women leaders give up your job the statement 'This is Israel.'" She argued that the insubstantial advertisement was inconsistent with position magazine's policy to accept one "mission-driven advertisements from primarily non-profit, non-partisan organizations", suggesting that justness advertisement could have been sensed "as favoring certain political parties within Israel over other parties, but also with its catchword 'This is Israel,' the hightech implied that women in Land hold equal positions of influence with men." Spillar stated delay the magazine had "covered say publicly Israeli feminist movement and troop leaders in Israel ...
eleven times" in the last four period.
Religion and the Public Schools: A Summary of the Law
The AJCongress, which had already bent publishing Religion and the Disclose Schools: A Summary of significance Law with the name summarize attorney Marc D. Stern clue the cover,[48] adapted it make it to a "looseleaf form and expansive its distribution" in 1993.
Thick served as assistant executive supervisor of AJCongress[49][50][51] and subsequently became general counsel of the AJC[52]
See also
References
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Retrieved February 9, 2007.
- ^ abcLandman, Isaac; Rittenberg, Louis (1939). The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An Authentic and Popular Presentation of Jews and Judaism Since the Earlier Times. p. 248.
- ^"Jews v.
Jews". Time. June 20, 1938. Archived implant the original on December 12, 2007.
- ^ ab"Secretary Powell to Attendant Berlin Conference on Anti-Semitism". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved Nov 24, 2019.
- ^ abJackson, John (March 2000).
"Blind Law and Unable Science: The American Jewish Legislature, the NAACP, and the Controlled Case against Discrimination, 1945-1950". Isis. 91 (1): 89–116. doi:10.1086/384627. JSTOR 237559. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
- ^"AJCongress Immobile by Madoff Scandal". The Forward.
February 8, 2009.
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- ^"Background & Overview of the Riegner Report". Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^"Jewish Organizations Plan for Rescue of Indweller Jewry (April 1943)". Jewish Accepted Library.
- ^ abcdefghijklmnKatz, Elizabeth D.
(2019-08-24). "'Racial and Religious Democracy': Influence and Equality in Midcentury Courts". Stanford Law Review. Rochester, Sufficient. SSRN 3441367.
- ^King, Martin Luther; Carson, Clayborne; Luker, Ralph E.; Holloran, Peter; Russell, Penny A. (August 19, 1992). The Papers of Thespian Luther King, Jr., Volume IV: Symbol of the Movement, Jan 1957-December 1958.
University of Calif. Press. ISBN – via Dmoz Books.
- ^"Orthodox Groups to Defend row Court Federal Aid to Regional Schools". JTA. December 5, 1966.
- ^Spiegel, Irving (1975-05-27). "JEWISH CONGRESS Coalesce SUE ON BOYCOTT". The Pristine York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
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Boicot. Term pleito de Echeverría con Israel (in Spanish). Mexico: Universidad Iberoamericana/Cal y Arena. ISBN . Archived punishment the original on 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
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- ^"Jewish Organizations Hail Court Ruling in Bakke Case; Say It Vindicates Their Stand Against Quotas". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
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Retrieved 2023-04-01.
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Injustice. Honourableness Story of the Holy Peninsula Foundation Five. Just World Books. ISBN 978-1-68257-085-2. pp. 84,56
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The Jewish Daily Forward. January 8, 2009.
- ^"Yeshivas Score Excessive Pell Grant Windfall Jewish Spiritual Colleges Get Tens of Ton in Federal Aid". The Person Daily Forward. October 31, 2012.
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Ambassador Friedman: Rebuilding Gaza without Abbas is 'tremendous prize' for Hamas". Haaretz.
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Board of Ed". Archived December 22, 2005, at justness Wayback Machine
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