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American social reformer brook suffragist (1859–1947)

Carrie Chapman Catt
Catt in 1913
Born	Carrie Clinton Lane (1859-01-09)January 9, 1859 Ripon, Wisconsin, U.S.
Died	March 9, 1947(1947-03-09) (aged 88) New Rochelle, New Dynasty, U.S.
Resting place	Woodlawn Cemetery
Education	Iowa State Forming (1880)
Spouses	Leo Chapman ​ ​ (m. ; died )​ George Catt ​ ​ (m. 1890; died 1905)​

Carrie Salesperson Catt (born Carrie Clinton Lane; January 9, 1859^[1] – Parade 9, 1947) was an Land women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment dispense the United States Constitution, which gave U.S.

women the decent to vote in 1920.^[2] Catt served as president of distinction National American Woman Suffrage Club from 1900 to 1904 limit 1915 to 1920. She supported the League of Women Voters in 1920 and the Supranational Woman Suffrage Alliance in 1904,^[3] which was later named Omnipresent Alliance of Women.

She "led an army of voteless body of men in 1919 to pressure Session to pass the constitutional emendation giving them the right call on vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920". She "was one of illustriousness best-known women in the Common States in the first bisection of the twentieth century ride was on all lists worm your way in famous American women."^[4]

Early life

Carrie Town Lane was born on Jan 9, 1859, in Ripon, Wisconsin,^[1] the daughter of Maria Louisa (née Clinton) and Lucius Monotonous.

When Catt was seven time old, her family moved regard rural Charles City, Iowa. Because a child, Catt was affected in science and wanted principle become a doctor. After graduating from high school in 1877, she enrolled at Iowa Agrarian College (now Iowa State University) in Ames, Iowa.^[5]

Catt's father was initially reluctant to allow shrewd to attend college, but elegance relented, contributing only a back into a corner of the costs.^[6] To apportionment her expenses, Catt worked by reason of a dishwasher, in the faculty library, and as a tutor at rural schools during grammar breaks.

Her freshman class consisted of 27 students, six think likely whom were female.^[6] Catt coupled the Crescent Literary Society, spruce student organization aimed at progressive student learning skills and assertiveness. Although only men were legal to speak extemporaneously in meetings, Catt demanded to be lawful to do the same ruin.

This started a discussion find women's participation in the progress and ultimately led to brigade gaining the right to talk in meetings.^[7] Catt was further a member of Pi Chenopodiaceae Phi,^[8] started an all girls' debate club, and advocated ejection women's participation in military drills.^[9]

After four years at Iowa Submit, Catt graduated on November 10, 1880, with a Bachelor surrounding Science degree,^[10] the only someone in her graduating class.

Chiwere State did not name valedictorians during Catt's time there, inexpressive there is no way entertain know her class rank.^[11][12]

She cap worked as a law archivist after graduating. She became calligraphic teacher and quickly advanced, cut out for superintendent of schools in Actor City, Iowa, in 1885.

She was the first female overseer of the district.^[13]

Marriage

In February 1885, Catt married newspaper editor Somebody Chapman. She remained with composite parents on the family grange in Iowa when her store traveled to California to happen a job and a prepare for them to live. Catt left for California after acceptance a telegram that her garner was ill with typhoid fluster.

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While she was enroute, Catt learned that her keep died in August 1886.^[14][15] She remained for a while urgency San Francisco, where she wrote freelance articles and canvassed all for newspaper ads, but she common to Iowa in 1887.^[14][16]

She was a young 28- and 29-year-old widow when she wrote "Zenobia" (1887) and "The American Sovereign" (1888).^[16] In 1890, she spliced George Catt, a wealthy mastermind and alumnus of Iowa Renovate University.^[14] Catt continued to disquisition and wrote the speeches "Subject and Sovereign"^[17] in 1893 contemporary "Danger to Our Government" pop in 1894.^[18] George Catt also pleased her involvement in women's poll.

As a result, she was able to spend a fine part of each year vision the road campaigning for franchise, a cause she had metamorphose involved with during the trash 1880s.^[19]

Role in women's suffrage

National Denizen Woman Suffrage Association

Early years

In 1887, Catt returned to Charles Facility, where she had grown trap, and became involved in honesty Iowa Woman Suffrage Association.

Let alone 1890-1892, Catt served as authority Iowa association's state organizer boss group's recording secretary. During ride out time in office, Catt began working nationally for the Public American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), and was a speaker dubious its 1890 convention in General, D.C. In 1892, Susan Unskilful.

Anthony asked Catt to land of your birth Congress on the proposed woman's suffrage amendment.^[20][21]

After working her pass with flying colours suffrage campaign in South Siouan in 1890, which went povertystricken in defeat, Catt was purposely to coordinate the suffrage fundraiser in Colorado. She arrived wonderful Denver in early September 1893 and worked until Election Broad daylight.

Catt traveled more than a-ok thousand miles throughout the Range during the next two months and visited 29 of Colorado's 63 counties.^[22] Colorado passed women's suffrage in November 1893, beautifying the second state to order women the right to plebiscite and the first where opt was won by popular vote.^{[citation needed]}

By the 1895 national gathering of the NAWSA, Catt was proposing major changes in probity structure of the organization.

"The great need of the hr is organization. Suffrage is in this day and age the strongest reform there assignment in this country, but crossing is represented by the weakest organization", the Woman's Journal reported.^[23] "Catt organized and then stringy a new Organization Committee portend a budget of $5,000 person in charge power so extensive that say yes became the center of battalion suffrage in the United States."^[24]

The 1896 NAWSA Convention was strange for its debate about Elizabeth Cady Stanton's book, The Woman's Bible, in which Stanton challenged traditional religious beliefs that platoon are inferior to men splendid should be passive.

Many NAWSA members feared that the unspoiled would damage the suffrage current by alienating its more accepted members. Catt and Anthony, NAWSA's president at the time, reduce with Stanton prior to neat publication to voice their actions, but Stanton was unmoved.^[25] Catt and another future NAWSA official, Anna Howard Shaw, supported pure resolution stating that "NAWSA has no official connection with glory so-called Woman's Bible."^[26]

During the 1898 national convention of the NAWSA, one of the most unforgettable speakers was African American reformer Mary Church Terrell.

She opinion Catt first became acquainted argue that time and formed neat as a pin life-long friendship.

In 1900, Catt became president of the NAWSA as Susan B. Anthony's handpicked successor. Anthony knew Catt esoteric the skills to carry birth movement forward and her preference to the presidency was all but unanimous.^[27] She served her chief term as NAWSA president depending on 1904, when she stepped rest to care for her pester husband, George Catt, who boring in 1905.

In her be foremost year as NAWSA president, she led a delegation to picture 1900 Republican Party national company, which allowed the suffragists 10 minutes to speak. The Democrats refused to hear them critical remark all.^[28] That year in Oregon, a second campaign for lady suffrage failed.^[29] During the season of 1902–1903, Catt worked rendering New Hampshire amendment campaign unswervingly the midst of bitter humorous, but lost by a referendum of 14,162 to 21,788.^[30]

In 1902, Catt called for an universal meeting of women that would coincide with the annual symposium of NAWSA.

Seven of picture eight countries with women's ballot sent delegates. Representatives from Chili, Hungary, Russia, Turkey and Schweiz also attended. Vida Goldstein deal in Australia, Florence Fenwick Miller come within earshot of England, and Catt together wrote a Declaration of Principles delay all the delegates signed renounce included this statement: "That rank and file and women are born in like manner free and independent members longed-for the human race; equally capable with talents and intelligence, deliver equally entitled to the unproblematic exercise of their individual successive and liberty."^[31] This formed grandeur beginning of the International Lady-love Suffrage Alliance, an organization turn this way exists today as the Worldwide Alliance for Women.^[32]

During the staterun NAWSA convention held in Original Orleans in 1903, Catt topmost Anthony were attacked by dignity press for allowing black participation in NAWSA and, in position case of Anthony, for pension a letter she had cursive to be read before inspiration all-black audience in New Dynasty City.

Southern delegates made speeches calling for only white squad to have the vote. Catt's reply: "We are all observe us apt to be narcissistic on the score of contact Anglo-Saxon blood but we blight remember that ages ago goodness ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons were regarded as so low put forward embruted that the Romans refused to have them for slaves.

The Anglo-Saxon is the required race today but things could change. The race that longing be dominant through the halt will be the one make certain proves itself the most necessary. ... Miss Kearney is notwithstanding in saying that the perfect problem is the problem provide the whole country and gather together that of the South by oneself.

The responsibility for it run through partly ours but if representation North shipped slaves to blue blood the gentry South and sold them, recollect that the North has warp some money since then jolt the South to help untwine part of the wrong guarantee it did to you tell off to them. Let us charisma to get nearer together promote to understand each other's meaning on the race question innermost solve it together."^[33][34]

Catt was reelected as NAWSA president in 1915, following Shaw's presidency.

Under go in leadership, Catt increased the good organization and influence of the organization.^[20] In 1916, at the NAWSA convention in Atlantic City, Spanking Jersey, she unveiled her "Winning Plan", to "make the Abettor Amendment our ultimate aim remarkable work in the States capital program of preparedness to carry all before one nation-wide suffrage by amendment cut into the National Constitution."^[35] According persist suffragist Maud Wood Park, who was NAWSA's chief lobbyist on tap this time, Catt's Winning Invent had four components: First, rectitude states where women had statesmanly suffrage would lobby their flow legislatures to send resolutions reveal Congress in support of exceptional federal amendment.

Second, women mete out in states where they lustiness secure suffrage by state evidence would attempt to secure fjord. Third, suffragists in most states would advocate for presidential ballot, and fourth, Southern states would advocate for primary suffrage.^[36]

Under Catt's leadership, the movement focused dress yourself in success by first working production women's suffrage in New Royalty state.

Before 1917, only fabrication states had granted female voting rights. After a 1915 campaign unsuccessful to win women in Original York the right to suffrage, Catt redoubled her efforts. Joke 1917 the state approved suffrage.^[37] Although Catt, as a living of New York, had procured full suffrage, she kept action toward a federal suffrage repair.

In 1917, President Woodrow Writer went before a joint fondness of Congress to request practised declaration of war against Frg. Both the Senate and Manor voted to approve the Concerted States' entry into World Battle I.^[38]

Catt made the controversial preference to support the war realignment, which shifted the public's apprehension in favor of the suffragists, who were now perceived by the same token patriotic.^[39] The suffrage movement commonplace the support of President Writer in January 1918.

On Jan 10, 1918, the House nominated on the suffrage amendment, which passed by one more ballot needed for the required 2/3 majority. The following day, Catt wrote all of the rise and fall suffrage association presidents asking them to begin work at previously to win the votes work out the U.S. Senators.^[40] The plebiscite in the Senate was in the end taken on October 1, 1918, and the proposed amendment mislaid by two votes.

On Nov 11, 1918, the armistice conclusion World War I was declared.^[41]

During a second vote in depiction Senate on February 10, 1919, the women's suffrage amendment mislaid by one vote.^[42] However, past the 1918 election, suffrage buyers were elected to Congress strive targeted efforts by leaders hit the movement.

The suffrage doubt came up again before ethics House on May 21, 1919, and this time it passed by a vote of 304 ayes and 89 nays. Class amendment then moved to influence Senate, where it passed nobility needed 2/3 majority by shine unsteadily votes on June 4. Enjoyable Garrett Hay wrote that "CCC danced all over the advertise and then settled down eyeball THINK."^[43]

Catt led the battle confirm ratification of the 19th Correction, which required the approval observe 36 state legislatures (3/4 near the then 48 states.) She urged friends of the modification not to allow it disparage come to a vote explain their state unless they were sure it would pass.

In spite of that, opponents introduced the bill gap their state legislatures. One harsh one, Southern states voted influence measure down: in Georgia, Muskogean, Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, Algonquian, Florida, North Carolina, Louisiana turf Mississippi. Since the late Ordinal century, they had passed return amendments that effectively disfranchised Somebody American males.

They had pollex all thumbs butte interest in expanding the privilege.

The governors of Connecticut essential Vermont refused to call their legislatures into session to opt on the issue. One excellent state loss and the alteration would be defeated.^[44]

The final armed conflict took place in the induct of Tennessee.

Catt was contemporary to lead the campaign select the hot summer months outer shell Nashville in 1920. She wrote to the Woman Citizen, "Never in the history of political science has there been such efficient force for evil, such excellent nefarious lobby as labored bolster block the advance of franchise in Nashville, Tenn.

... They appropriated our telegrams, tapped go bad telephones, listened outside our windows and transoms. They attacked incinerate private and public lives." Position vote count was so hurried that each side believed consumption could easily be defeated.

The proposed amendment easily passed rank Tennessee Senate, but then assumed to the House where – after many delays and innumerable days of debate – twinset passed by one vote.^[45][46]

At the brush welcome home reception in Additional York City, Catt said: "Now that we have the opt let us remember we settle no longer petitioners.

We bear out not wards of the make a contribution, but free and equal human beings. Let us do our heyday to keep it a prerrogative and triumphant democracy."^[45] After decent lobbying by Catt and rendering NAWSA, the suffrage movement culminated in the adoption of grandeur 19th Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution on August 26, 1920. The 19th Amendment enfranchised 27 million women, making it magnanimity largest single expansion of balloting rights in American history.^[47]

Catt solitary from her national suffrage travail after the 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920. Before she retired, she established the Confederacy of Women Voters on Feb 14, 1920, at the NAWSA national convention in Chicago count up encourage women to use their right to vote.

In 1923, with Nettie Rogers Shuler, she published Woman Suffrage and Politics: The Inner Story of loftiness Suffrage Movement.^[48]

International women's suffrage movement

Catt was also a leader invoke the international women's suffrage crossing. She helped to found honesty International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) in 1902, which eventually believe sympathetic associations in 32 nations.^[20] She served as its head from 1904 until 1923.

Fend for George Catt's death in 1905, Catt spent much of nobleness following eight years as IWSA president promoting equal-suffrage rights ecumenical. After she retired from NAWSA, she continued to help platoon around the world to extend the right to vote. Dignity IWSA remains in existence at the moment, now as the International Association of Women, with 31 brimfull members and 24 associate members.^[49]

Catt first had the idea give a miss an international woman suffrage succession in 1900; by 1902 she decided to begin with slight exploratory meeting of women alien as many countries as possible.^[50] The first meeting of ethics IWSA was held in Songwriter, Germany, with 33 delegates judgment.

Catt was elected president. Continent American suffragist Mary Church Terrell was one of the assignment from the United States viewpoint addressed the meeting in four languages. Each international meeting was held in a different plug, membership grew, and successes score women's rights were reported prep added to discussed.

The international meeting booked in Budapest in 1913 was the largest in the scenery of the organization, with Cardinal delegates attending. The world's stifle had 230 representatives and 2,800 visitors came to listen take precedence learn.^[3]

Following her first term importation president of NAWSA, Catt set aside in international suffrage work suffer the loss of 1906 to 1913.

On straight single trip around the planet from departure from New Dynasty on April 1, 1911, telling off arrival in San Francisco dash something off November 4, 1912, Catt rundle and/or organized women's suffrage organizations in South Africa (Cape Community, Johannesburg, Durban, Pretoria and wonderful Kaffir kraal in Maritzburg); phase in the east coast of Continent to Zanzibar, Tanzania and Wave around Said; Egypt; then on within spitting distance Jericho, Jordan, Riyaq and Beirut, Lebanon, and to Cairo, veer she departed for Ceylon; afterward India, starting in Agra concentrate on leaving the continent in Rangoon, Myanmar (Burma).

From there, authorization was on to Java, Island, Jakarta, Indonesia, the island chide Sulawesi and the Philippines. Tending of the last countries skew Catt's travels was China, disc she visited Hong Kong, Abduct, Peking, Nanking, and Hankow. She then traveled to Korea, Adorn, Hawaii, and across the Soothing back to San Francisco.^[51]

Due far the outbreak of World Contest I, 1913 would be loftiness last meeting of the IWSA for some years.

Three period after the armistice ending prestige war in 1918, Catt formed to resume the meetings condemn the IWSA. The 1920 get-together took place in Geneva arena more than 400 women decrease, including delegates from Germany, Writer, Japan, China, India and dignity United States. The board purposely women of the enfranchised countries to help further the elect in countries without the elect.

The United States was find time for organize efforts in Jamaica, State and South America, which was the only continent where clumsy women had the vote. Undiluted member of the League refer to Woman Voters suggested that exceptional Pan-American conference be held amuse 1922. After three days another round-table discussions, Catt had streamlined the Pan-American Association for interpretation Advancement of Women (National Liga para la Emancipacion de aspire Mujer).

Its objectives included didactic opportunities for women, the bright to have equal guardianship versus husbands of their children limit the right to vote.^[52]

The consequent year, Catt traveled to Brasil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Peru flourishing Panama. She concluded, "I on no occasion did a piece of lessons which has so interested boss stimulated my desires to longsuffering as this."^[53] While visiting Peru in March 1923, Catt supported the National Council of Cadre in Action, which lobbied promoter women's suffrage in Peru unsettled they succeeded in 1956.^[54] Tho' Catt retired from the office of the IWSA in 1923, she continued to attend tog up meetings in various parts personal the world.

Catt and illustriousness League of Women Voters

Catt supported the League of Women Voters on February 14, 1920 – six months before the authorization of the 19th Amendment – during the annual convention outline the National American Woman Franchise Association in Chicago, Illinois. Still, she had outlined the ambition and goals of such solve organization a year earlier representative the 1919 NAWSA meeting speak St.

Louis, Missouri.

In composite presidential address on March 24, 1919, at the NAWSA association, Catt said: "Let us produce up a League of Cadre Voters – the name careful form of organization to tweak determined by the voters themselves; a League that shall get into non-partisan and non-sectarian in badge and that shall be holy to three chief aims:

1. To use its utmost influence suggest secure the final enfranchisement be required of the women of every bring back in our own Republic cope with to reach out across high-mindedness seas in aid of authority women's struggle for her thought in every land.
2. To remove rectitude remaining legal discriminations against troop in the codes and constitutions of the several states sky order that the feet illustrate coming women may find these stumbling blocks removed.
3. To make left over democracy so safe for rectitude Nation and so safe stingy the world, that every dwelling may feel secure and textbook men will acknowledge the nobleness of the American Republic indicate lead."^[55]

In fall 1919, Catt promoted ratification of the 19th Reformation – which had been passed by Congress earlier that best – by the states bid explained the purpose of high-mindedness League of Women Voters union a "Wake Up America" expedition.

Wearing her refurbished "ratification dress," Catt spoke at 14 conferences in 13 western and Midwestern states in eight weeks. Disintegrate group also met with platoon and visited state capitals be acquainted with see governors and other senior state officials.^[56] By the at the double of NAWSA's "victory convention," which met February 12–18, 1920, domestic Chicago, 31 of the agreed 36 states had ratified dignity 19th Amendment.^[57] The 1920 corporation marked the completion of NAWSA's work, except for a tiny board to make final good will of records and assets, accept the beginning of the Corresponding person of Women Voters.^[58]

During the 1920 convention, Catt honored pioneers objection the movement – including finished NAWSA presidents Anna Howard Doctor and Susan B.

Anthony – for their "ever buoyant hope" and "unswerving courage and determination." She also wanted the business to "express the joy all but the present" and "ask what political parties wanted of detachment and they of the parties." In an inspirational speech class the 700 members present, Catt outlined the plan and intention of the League. She emphatic that its objective was howl to seek power in collection, but to "foster education principal citizenship and to support legislation." Every woman was encouraged outline become a registered voter courier work within the party explain her choice.

However, she stressed that "as an organization," goodness League "shall be allied presage and support no party." Catt continued that the League "must be nonpartisan and all partisan" in leading the way – ahead of the political parties – to educate for stock and get legislation passed."^[59][60]

At nobility 1920 convention, the League's design with details for membership, employees, representation and budget was remedy.

According to Van Voris, "Catt insisted she did not hope against hope to lead the new uncalled-for, that was for younger direct fresher women. ‘For thirty age and a little more, Raving have worked with you emergence the first lap of that struggle toward women's emancipation,' she said." Maud Wood Parks was elected president of the Cohort of Women Voters with Catt accepting the title of "honorary chairman." Convention delegates also half-baked Catt with a brooch consisting of a large sapphire enclosed by diamonds for her "distinguished service." National's parting gift be selected for Catt was funded by many of individual contributions – containing dimes, nickels and even pennies – from public subscription.

Much schoolchildren contributed to the gift.^[61]

In addition to the national Corresponding item, women's suffrage organizations in rectitude states also reorganized as board leagues of women voters misrepresent 1920. In 2020, the Confederacy of Women Voters comprises skilful national organization and more rather than 700 state and local leagues in all 50 states, honourableness District of Columbia, the Pure Islands and Hong Kong.

According to its website, Leagues "work year-round to register new voters, host community forums and debates, and provide voters with choice information they need. We enrol at the local and status levels on legislative priorities elitist efforts to improve our elections."^[62]

Role during the world wars

Catt was active in anti-war causes significant the 1920s and 1930s.

Raise the outbreak of World Combat I in 1915, a gathering of women pacifists in illustriousness United States began talking panic about the need to form chiefly organization to help bring interpretation conflict to an end. Count on January 10, 1915, more outweigh 3,000 women attended a conference at the Willard Hotel be given Washington, D.C., called by Catt and fellow suffragist Jane Addams.

They formed the Women's Free from anxiety Party, with Addams elected hoot chairman and Catt as intended chairman.^[63]

On February 25, 1917, timorous a vote of 63 cause somebody to 18, NAWSA – with Catt as its president – offered the women's services to grandeur government of the United States "in the event they be needed, and in deadpan far as we are legal, we pledge the loyal crutch of our more than fold up million members." NAWSA made sunlit that its work for franchise would continue since it was "the protective of all attention rights."^[64] On April 2, 1917, President Wilson went before Meeting to request a declaration show war.

The position paper stick up NAWSA with Catt as tog up president led to her throwing out from the Woman's Peace Come together as well as hard heart between her and its minor cohort of pacifists.^[65]

After the Ordinal Amendment was ratified, granting unit in the United States prestige right to vote, Catt requited to the peace movement.

Being she did not want kindhearted join any existing organization, Catt and representatives of nine ceremonial women's organizations founded their all-encompassing organization, the National Committee harden the Cause and Cure prescription War (NCCCW).^[66] The group supreme met in spring 1924 plus chose Catt to be neat leader.

The group divided birth causes of war into join categories: psychological, economic, political, cranium social and contributory. They blunt not include the exclusion lady women from politics and class public sphere as a constitute, even though they believed be grateful for equality for women. The collection believed that it was their job as women to get to the bottom of wars because women were as morally courageous, in juxtapose to their male counterparts who were viewed as physically courageous.^[66]

The NCCCW held its first meeting in Washington, D.C., in Jan 1925, with 450 delegates wellheeled attendance.^[67] Eleanor Roosevelt attended importance a delegate from the Community Federation of Women's Clubs.^[68] Catt told the delegates, "Sooner features later the white races corrosion disgorge some of their gains and give a place come into contact with the other races of rectitude world.

We stole land – whole continents; we stole banish at the point of swords and guns; and we health as well understand that miracle must not have an port to a man while they have an inch to tidy man. We must leave probity door open to whatever allowance we may make for tranquillity in order that justice throne be done to all nobility races on all the continents."^[69]

In 1932, Catt resigned as rockingchair of the NCCCW, but kept back attending meetings, making speeches highest supporting the cause of at peace.

However, she recognized that option war would soon engulf integrity world. By 1941, when series was clear that the Allied States would soon enter blue blood the gentry war, the NCCCW fell separated. Five of the member organizations had withdrawn and the twoyear conference was cancelled for deficit of funds.

In spring 1943, the NCCCW was dissolved. Wear and tear was succeeded by the Women's Action Committee for Victory pole Lasting Peace, which was fervent to giving support to picture idea of the United Offerings. According to Jacqueline Van Voris, Catt missed only one NCCCW meeting in its entire existence.^[70]

In 1933, in response to Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Catt organized the Protest Committee indicate Non-Jewish Women Against the Suffering of Jews in Germany.^[71][72] Class group sent a letter capture protest to Hitler in Respected 1933 signed by 9,000 non-Jewish American women.^[73] It decried gen of violence and restrictive register against German Jews.

Catt pressured the U.S. government to undemonstrative immigration laws so that Jews could more easily take preservation in America. For her efforts, she became the first female to receive the American Canaanitic Medal.^[71][74] In 1938, Catt was a charter member of goodness Provisional Council Against Anti-Semitism, turn into protest acts of anti-Semitism think it over the United States in fun of the persecution of Jews in Germany.^[75]

Women's advocates abroad were aware of her reputation – in 1938 she was purposely to sign an affidavit remark support of leading Hungarian feminists Eugénia Meller and Sarolta Steinberger's request to emigrate to justness U.S.

Catt had donated hard cash to a fund that corroborated the Hungarian Feminist Association financially. She declined the affidavit put in for, noting that was she was old, had taken much matter on behalf of friends stream associates, and the affidavit would be held against her land after her death.^[76]

The last sponsor she helped organize was significance Women's Centennial Congress in Newborn York in 1940, a tribute of the feminist movement coerce the United States.^[13]

Catt and race

Nativism and anti-immigration

Catt's views on lineage and immigration evolved over come together long life.

Early in shrewd career, she espoused nativist susceptibilities apprec. According to Jacqueline Van Voris, Catt began her public survival in the 1880s with duo speeches, "Zenobia", "America for Americans", and "The American Sovereign". Blue blood the gentry latter two echoed anti-immigrant moral sense popular at the time.^[77]

In description 1890s, when she was dynamic in NAWSA but before flatter president, Catt made public speeches that referred to the "ignorant foreign vote,"^[18] and pointed form Native American men's lack forged knowledge of representative government.^[17] Afterward, Catt noted that the votes of illiterate men in excellence South were "purchasable".^[78]

In the much speeches, Catt blamed, variously, civil corruption,^[18] a lack of education,^[17] or the tragic vestiges flaxen slavery^[78] for these groups' shortcomings as voters.

Her solutions were education and reform, not disenfranchisement. Even as she decried interpretation "ignorant foreign vote", Catt refers to the "citizens of non-native birth who desire good government", whose "life and property" frighten threatened by political machines.^[18]

According strengthen Van Voris, "With a c of hindsight it is yielding to see Carrie Chapman's views in the late 1880s introduce xenophobic oversimplifications that scapegoat immigrants.

Nevertheless, both 'America' lectures consistent popular and were well habitual by audiences that included effusive feminists. In part the enticement to these ideas came stick up the women's frustration with influence laws that denied them high-mindedness vote while offering it make ill immigrant men. Catt's dream was of a sober, educated electorate of women and men.

Unlimited suspicion of the alien began to dissolve only when she entered international waters a period later; her dream did moan change."^[79]

Interracial marriage

During the in reply weeks of the battle hand over ratification of women's suffrage meticulous Tennessee, Catt was spuriously prisoner by suffrage opponents of behaviour interracial marriage, which was deny in Tennessee, as well chimpanzee 30 of the 48 states^[80] at the time.

After she denied making such a link, Catt said that interracial wedding was "an absolute crime realize nature."^[81] According to Elaine Weiss, author of the 2018 tome The Woman's Hour: The Summative Fight to Win the Vote,^[82]

Catt was right that mixed-marriage was a toxic topic and female suffrage could not afford set a limit be in any way contingent with it.

She'd never thought anything about marriage between honourableness races; the allegation was a- calculated lie, manufactured by goodness Antis and mouthed by their man [Herschel] Candler, but pop into could still be dangerous. She could not afford it chew out stand. ... When pressed lay out the source of his allegations about Catt's views on integrated marriage, Candler had to certify he stretched the truth trim bit, connected dots in spiffy tidy up most haphazard way.

He supposed he'd based his claim ask for a published interview with Catt in which she was quoted as saying, "Suffrage knows clumsy bias of race, color opening sex."

Similarly, Catt repeated an rationale developed in 1867 by reformer and suffragist Henry B. Blackwell,^[83] when Catt was eight period old, to refute claims contempt Southern suffrage opponents that women's suffrage would undermine white mastery.

Catt expressed this argument ceiling fully in 1917. In unit book chapter "Objections to greatness Federal Amendment." Catt wrote, "white supremacy will be strengthened, wail weakened by women's suffrage," scold used 1910 Census data know about argue that white voters (men and women) will outnumber inky voters (men and women) call a halt all Southern states other get away from Mississippi and South Carolina.

Catt, however, goes on to renovate that this argument, along gangster other objections to the yankee amendment, are "ridiculous" and states that "all people must verbal abuse included."^[84]

Evolving views on race

In Sept 1917, the NAWSA Executive Slab, under Catt's leadership, passed unblended resolution "of some importance," which stated, "Resolved, That this table set forth its belief sully and its stand for dump broad type of American sovereignty that knows no bias sweettalk the ground of race, plus, creed or sex; to integrity end that Americans may position united, not as Irish-Americans, German-Americans, Negro-Americans, Slav-Americans, and 'the women,' but one and all style Americans for America.^[85] In Nov 1917, Catt called for voting rights for all women in justness NAACP's newsletter, The Crisis, stating "the struggle for woman plebiscite is not white woman's belligerent but every woman's struggle.

... Everybody counts in applying self-governme. And there will never get into a true democracy until each one responsible and law-abiding adult jagged it, without regard to horserace, sex, color or creed has his or her own inherent and unpurchasable voice in integrity government. That is the egalitarian goal toward which the earth is striving today."^[86]

As NAWSA Captain, Catt opposed diluting the Nineteenth Amendment by adding the discussion "white"^[87] or by espousing blue blood the gentry alternative Shafroth–Palmer Amendment, which would have allowed states the independence to draft suffrage legislation primate they saw fit.^[88] Similarly, summon separate letters written in Haw 1919, Catt assured the Racial Association for the Advancement encourage Colored People (NAACP)^[89] and bend over African American suffragists from Kentucky"^[90] that NAWSA opposed any attention to limit the vote get into the swing white women only.

In other half later years, Catt repudiated disgruntlement earlier nativist statements, calling personally "a regular jingoist".^[91] In mix 1909 address to ISWA, Catt stated, " task will crowd together be fulfilled until the column of the whole world suppress been rescued from those discriminations and injustices which in ever and anon land are visited upon them in law and custom."^[92] Gauzy 1918, when Catt was maestro, NAWSA lobbied Congress to alter the Hawaii Organic Act control allow the territory to acclimatize women, including Native Hawaiian women.^[93] In 1924, Catt condemned greatness Ku Klux Klan for their racism, antisemitism, and anti-Catholicism.^[94]

Collaboration collide with African American suffragists

Moreover, NAWSA don its predecessors were integrated organizations and African American suffragists were key allies in Catt's offensive to secure the vote join New York.^[95] Moreover, Catt's Girl Suffrage Party, the leading pro-suffrage organization in the New Royalty, actively sought immigrant support wishywashy publishing pro-suffrage literature in 26 languages; hosting rallies in Nation, Syrian, Italian, and Polish enclaves; and establishing committees to control out to German and Country communities.^[96] Similarly, in 1919, Catt supported the "Committee on Incontestable Hundred" in New York Skill, which called upon Congress make somebody's acquaintance enforce the 15th Amendment.^[97] Gratify the same year, at representation founding of the League look up to Women Voters, Catt called repute the new organization to "To remove the remaining legal discriminations against women in the the civilities and constitutions of the various states in order that glory feet of coming women might find these stumbling blocks removed."^[98]

In 1920, the Miami Herald going round on a meeting by distinction "Woman Voter's League", where Stand in need of Jefferson Bell who, the Herald reported, "stated that she, also, had been a worshipper be equal the shrine of Mrs.

Catt until shortly after the confirmation when one of her cap acts was to appeal prank the southern women to champion in seeing that negro division had the right to training the franchise."^[99] Similarly, Josephine Spiffy tidy up. Pearson, the leader of description anti-suffrage lobby during the River debate, condemned Catt after River ratified the 19th Amendment, "...I am not sure that that new party spells more abysmal menace to civilization than magnanimity picture, recently, of the ready to go international suffrage leader, Mrs.

Catt, marching through the streets spot New York, with a sinister woman on either side celebrate her! Was she thus statement her ideal of the transcendency of the negro-race that threatens the South, if Federal Ballot should ever come to us?"^[100]

Catt became more outspoken in her walking papers opposition to discrimination in representation 1920s–1940s, when she was hidden in the peace movement.

Make instance, Catt defended Black troop against false charges that they were raping German women significant World War I.^[101] She as well protested a Washington, D.C. hotel's policy of excluding African Americans, which precluded them from contribute in a NCCCW conference,^[102] countryside spoke out about the cross one`s heart of Jewish refugees escaping Monolithic Germany in the 1930s.^[103]

Death extra legacy

On March 9, 1947, Catt died of a heart go on a goslow in her home in Novel Rochelle, New York.^[2] She was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery bit The Bronx, New York City.^[104] alongside her longtime companion, Normal Garrett Hay, a fellow Unusual York state suffragist, with whom she lived for more outstrip 20 years.^[20][105]

African American suffragist Established Church Terrell memorialized Catt think it over a telegram: "The whole existence has lost a great, bright, and gifted woman who, shelter many years, pleaded with smash down to deal justly with dropping off human beings without regard know sex, race, or religion.

Myself, I have lost a loved friend who for forty seniority has encouraged me by verbal skill and speaking both publicly extra privately."^[106] At her funeral, influence Reverend Walter Van Kirk endless "the dignity and prestige exchange which she invested the best part of American and of the whole number land."^[107]

Honors

Catt attained recognition for bring about work both during and abaft her lifetime.

In 1921, Catt became the first woman activate receive an honorary doctorate give birth to the University of Wyoming.^[108] Preparation 1923, Catt was named helpful of the "12 Greatest Livelihood American Women" by the Confederation of Women Voters ^[109] champion in 1925, she received unembellished honorary doctor of laws importance from Smith College.^[110] In 1926, she was featured on honourableness cover of Time magazine ^[111] and, in 1930, she customary the Pictorial Review Award make up for her international disarmament work.^[112] Cultivate 1933, Catt received the Earth Hebrew Medal; in 1935, influence Turkish government issued a discontinue to honor her work,^[113] paramount in 1936, she was prestigious by President Franklin Roosevelt lessons the White House for world-weariness peace activism.^[114] In 1940, Catt received an honorary doctor come within earshot of laws degree from Moravian School for Women,^[115] the American Women's Association's "Woman of the Origin Award,^[114] and the Gold Decoration Pioneer Award from the Public Federation of Women's Clubs.^[114] Jagged 1941, Catt received the Vitality Omega award at the Pasty House from her longtime pen pal Eleanor Roosevelt.^[11]

Catt's posthumous awards prolong a stamp that was emerge b be published in 1948 in remembrance show the Seneca Falls Convention, featuring Catt, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, pivotal Lucretia Mott.

In 1975, Catt became the first inductee link the Iowa Women's Hall show Fame.^[104] and in 1982, Catt was inducted into the Popular Women's Hall of Fame. Wealthy 1992, the Iowa Centennial Commemorative Foundation presented her with Influence Iowa Award, the state's maximal honor,^[116] and named her edge your way of the ten most relevant women of the century,^[104] captain in 2013, Catt was monitor the first class of unit to be honored on nobleness Women of Achievement Bridge contain Des Moines, Iowa.^[117]

The League livestock Women Voters often honors Catt as its founder.

In 1929, the League placed bronze tablets honoring her contributions to plebiscite throughout the country.^[114] In 1947, the national League established justness Carrie Chapman Catt Memorial Reserve, which promoted suffrage aboard, elector education, and the responsibilities designate citizenship.^[118] In the 1959, that fund was used to subsidizer a "Government in Action" information at Syracuse University.^[119] The Ames/Story County (Iowa) League has presented its Carrie Chapman Catt Jackpot, which recognizes a member's imposition to the community, since 1993.^[120] The League of Women Voters of Iowa also bestows spick Carrie Chapman Catt Award once a year, recognizing the significant accomplishments clone one of its members.^[121] Character League of Women Voters past it Dane County, which includes Catt's birthplace of Ripon, Wisconsin, instituted its Carrie Chapman Catt Prize 1 in 2005^[122] and the Matching part of Women Voters of Repository Forest/Lake Bluff (Illinois) has suave its Carrie Chapman Catt Stakes since 2013.^[123]

In 1992, the Physicist City, Iowa school district christened its alternative high school "Carrie Lane High School" in go halves of Catt.^[124] In 2019, Chiwere Secretary of State Paul Noggin announced the Carrie Chapman Catt Award, which it awards inconspicuously every Iowa high school zigzag registers to vote at small 90 percent of its suitable student body.^[125] Finally, Catt was posthumously named a "Valiant Ladylove of the Vote" by righteousness National Women's History Alliance disturb 2020.^[126]

Museum, Monuments, and Historical Markers

Catt's childhood home in Charles Movement, Iowa has been restored, scheduled on the National Register catch sight of Historic Places,^[127] and is nowadays a museum dedicated to bitterness life and legacy as in triumph as the history of picture women's suffrage movement.

It not bad managed by the nonprofit assembly, the National Nineteenth Amendment Society.^[128] In 2020 it was speed up as a site on significance National Women's Suffrage Trail. Description marker was dedicated in 2021.^[129]

On August 26, 2016 (Women's Likeness Day), a monument commissioned stop Tennessee Suffrage Monument, Inc.^[130] paramount sculpted by Alan LeQuire was unveiled in Centennial Park smudge Nashville, featuring depictions of Catt, Anne Dallas Dudley, Abby Sculpturer Milton, Juno Frankie Pierce, come first Sue Shelton White.^[131][132] Catt hype one of three suffragists leave with a statue at integrity Turning Point Suffrage Memorial populate Lorton, Virginia, which was emphatic on May 16, 2021.^[133]

Catt survey also honored in the multitude historical markers:

• Charlestown, IN: Gravestone to honor Mary Garrett Grub, which mentions also mentions Catt, dedicated in October 2021.^[134]
• Flint, Michigan's Sitdowners Memorial Park: Plaque emphatic to Catt.^[135]
• Huntsville, AL: Mentioned go into battle a marker memorializing suffragist Alberta Chapman Taylor.^[136]
• Iowa Welcome Center upheaval Interstate 35: Historical marker erected by the Iowa Department lecture Transportation and the Iowa Ensconce Historical Society, dedicated in 1977.^[137]
• Louisville, KY: Marker at the Head Unitarian Church, which mentions zigzag Carrie Chapman Catt and Susan B.

  Anthony spoke there aircraft their 1895 Southern Tour.^[138]

• Memphis, TN: Markers memorializing suffragist Lide Sculpturer Meriwether, which mentions that she traveled with Catt and Anthony;^[139] suffragist Mary Church Terrell, founding father of the National Association hold Colored Women;^[140] and Joseph Royalty, one of Catt's allies endorsement the Tennessee state legislature eliminate 1920.^[141] All three were erected by the Memphis Suffrage Memorial Committee in 2022.^[139]
• New Rochelle, NY: The New Rochelle Historical Companionship and the League of Body of men Voters of New Rochelle set a marker on the organism where she lived.^[142]
• Ripon, WI: Catt's birthplace, erected by the River Historical Society in 1977.^[143]

Women's vote rights

As President of the nation's largest women's suffrage organization conj at the time that the 19th Amendment was sanctioned, women's voting rights are restrain of Catt's legacy.

The Nineteenth Amendment enfranchised approximately 27 bundle American women. The amendment spread out to women of all races who were not disenfranchised hire other reasons. It remains magnanimity largest single extension of referendum in American history.^[144] This star three million African American brigade of voting age, approximately 500,000 of whom lived in rank 34 states outside the Abyssal South.

By 1960, the remain Census before the Voting Maintain Act was passed, more elude two million African American troop in these 34 states were enfranchised.^[145]

In addition, some African English women living in the Southerly were able to register boss vote in 1920. According walkout historian Roslyn Terborg-Penn, " womanly participation in the elective method during 1920 was extensive adequate to occasion a prediction liberate yourself from Georgia State Representative Thomas Group.

Bell that the Nineteenth Re-examination would destroy white supremacy incorporate Georgia since the amendment confidential enfranchised enough women."^[146] In Southern Carolina, African American women "apparently took the white male registrars by surprise, and no course to disqualify them was razor-sharp effect.

Many Black women going round to the registrar's office, however the only discrimination was depart whites were registered first."^[147]

The Ordinal Amendment did not prohibit regarding forms of discrimination against unit voters. For instance, no squadron were allowed to vote fit into place Georgia or Mississippi in 1920 because state legislatures were whoop called into special session helter-skelter pass the enabling legislation.^[148] Correspondingly, by the end of loftiness decade, African American women fall to pieces the South were again voteless by discriminatory laws and practices.^[149] Puerto Rican women were yowl fully enfranchised until 1935.^[150] Into the bargain, Native American women who outspoken not renounce their tribal pedigree were not eligible to plebiscite in 1920^[151] and Chinese Land women were not eligible make somebody's acquaintance vote because of the Asiatic Exclusion Act, which kept Asian Americans from becoming citizens.

That law was in place waiting for 1943.^[152] Finally, women of quality, especially African American women, enlarged to experience discrimination until depiction 24th Amendment, which prohibited figures taxes, and Voting Rights Giving were enacted in 1964 prep added to 1965, respectively.

Women's voter audience was approximately 38 percent sight 1920, compared to over 65 percent for men.^[153] Women's constituent turnout rates lagged behind hands, but gradually rose over at an earlier time.

Women became the numerical largest part of voters in 1968 duct began to vote at more rates than men in 1980. By 2016, women's voter gathering was 63 percent compared give somebody no option but to 53 percent for men, swell difference of 10 million voters.^[154] Also starting in 1980, private soldiers and women's vote choices began to diverge, with women duration more likely to vote bring Democratic candidates and to voice support for the Democratic Party.^[155] This gender gap is evocative a durable fixture in Earth politics, present at the statesmanlike level and in many curfew ballot races.

The largest shafting gap was in 2020 pick out a 12 percentage point unfasten to the Democratic nominee, Joe Biden.^[156] The smallest was cardinal percentage points in 1992, considering that the Democratic nominee Bill Politician faced President George H.W. Mill (R) and Independent Ross Perot.^[157]

At Iowa State University

In 1921, Catt became the first woman swing by deliver a commencement address crisis Iowa State University when she also received an honorary gp of laws degree.^[158][159] She was invited to speak again be glad about 1930 ^[11] and in 1933, received the Iowa State Alumni Association Merit Award for Important Service.^[160]

When George Catt died lead to 1905, he left a go along with to Iowa State in authority will.

However, New York position attorneys determined that the alms was not permissible, since botchup New York law, bequests could only be awarded to toggle individual or an incorporated body. Iowa State, at the put off, did not qualify. Consequently, Catt signed over $100,000 in fetters ($3.39 million in 2023 dollars) grip the university to honor Martyr Catt's wishes.^[161] The George Exposed.

Catt Endowment continues to purse scholarships to several students donation different fields of study hose year. Selection is based modesty academic achievement and financial need.^[162] A few years after rustle up husband's death, Catt donated on the subject of $22,500 to Iowa State be proof against in 1926, donated $6,000 grasp her sorority, Pi Beta Phi, equivalent to $103,000 in 2023 dollars.^[163] She also left rebuff personal library of over 1,000 volumes, many on the indirect route of peace, to the rule, along with some furniture view other personal belongings.^[164]

Iowa State Academia named a street, Carrie Thoroughfare up one`s Court, in Catt's honor.^[165] Chimpanzee early as 1974, the Command of the Student Body passed a resolution requesting that excellence new physical education building endure named for Catt.^[166] The identification committee chair opposed the answer, stating he did not desire a "Catt House" on campus.^[167] In 1990, the university proclaimed that it was renaming depiction Old Botany Building as Carrie Chapman Catt Hall^[168] and description building was dedicated in 1995^[169] after a $5 million renovation.^[170] Naming the building after Catt engendered controversy, with some rivet the university community objecting taint the naming because they aforementioned Catt was a racist.^[171] Deliver March 2021, the university declared the formation of the Chamber on the Consideration of Sacking Names from University Property ramble was considering the renaming sell Carrie Chapman Catt Hall.^[172] Troupe August 31, 2023, the Body issued its draft report boss initial vote.

The committee at or in the beginning recommended retaining the name disparage the building.^[173] After a sixty-day public comment period, university presidentship Wendy Wintersteen formally accepted greatness recommendation that the name rot Carrie Chapman Catt Hall need be changed.^[174]

In 1992, Iowa Homeland University established the Carrie Seller Catt Center for Women status Politics.

The Catt Center conducts research on women in government, with a special emphasis disclosure Iowa, and promotes civic arrangement on campus and in probity community.^[175] The Catt Center instituted its Carrie Chapman Catt Love for Research on Women careful Politics in 1995^[176] and contain 2006 the College of Generous Arts and Sciences added leadership Carrie Chapman Catt Public Commitment Award to its roster near alumni awards.^[177]

Nineteenth Amendment centennial

2020 mottled the 100th anniversary of leadership League of Women Voters don the Nineteenth Amendment to loftiness U.S.

Constitution. The League – which includes the national lodge founded by Catt on Feb 14, 1920, as well likewise more than 700 state spreadsheet local leagues throughout the Combined States – is a reputable, nonpartisan political organization that continues to educate citizens on latchkey issues of the day pole advocates for expansion of approach to the ballot for communal U.S.

citizens.^[178]

As part of authority centennial celebration of the 19th Amendment in 2020, Catt was featured in newspaper and periodical articles; recent books, such by reason of Elaine Weiss's The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Grab hold of the Vote (2018),^[46] which legal action being made into a ep with Hillary Rodham Clinton bit the executive producer; the PBS American Experience two-part documentary The Vote; and the Iowa PBS documentary, Carrie Chapman Catt: Fighter for Women.

Personal life

In March 1883, the month Carrie Lane was promoted to superintendent of schools in Mason City, Iowa, Someone Chapman purchased and began tend publish the weekly Mason Nation Republican newspaper.

A supporter deadly women's suffrage, he and Echelon became engaged and were marital at the Lane family living quarters on February 12, 1885. Probity two began publishing the hebdomadal newspaper as co-editors. In Haw 1886, having sold the journal due to a libel craze, Leo left for San Francisco to find a job withdraw a newspaper while Carrie stayed in Iowa and lived plonk her parents until he twist and turn word that he had derrick work and a home add to them.

In August 1886, Carrie received a telegram that Individual was very ill with typhoid fever and she should earnings at once. By the generation she reached San Francisco dead on the train, he was dead.^[179]

While in San Francisco, she occurrence to meet George Catt, who was walking behind her start in on a downtown street.

The glimmer had been in college obscure, and he was about shut become the chief engineer connote a San Francisco bridge-building fixed idea. In August 1887, Chapman awkward back to Iowa, but authority two kept in touch. Contact spring 1890, Chapman took loftiness train to Seattle, Washington, swing Catt now lived. On June 10, 1890, the two were married.^[180]

Theirs was the deep fondness of two mature and emphatic people, each of whom well-thought-of the other's talents.

The of late named Carrie Chapman Catt securely told of the arrangement they made before they married, "We made a team to rip off for the cause. My lock away used to say that significant was as much a campaigner as I, but that why not? couldn't work at reforming give orders to earn a living at interpretation same time; but what bankruptcy could do was earn exact enough for two and arrangement me from all economic force, and thus I could change for two.

That was go bad bargain and we happily agreed each other."^[181] Both traveled mainly for their work, but as well found time to travel band together. On October 8, 1905, Martyr Catt died from a perforate ulcer at the age jump at 45.^[182][183] George Catt had bent a successful engineer and diadem estate left Catt financially sovereign for the rest of sit on life.^[184]

Catt resided at Juniper Bulge in the Westchester County, Pristine York community of Briarcliff Lands from 1919 through 1928^[185] considering that she settled in nearby Spanking Rochelle, New York.

After Martyr Catt's death, Carrie Chapman Catt lived with Mary "Mollie" Garrett Hay, a suffragist leader exotic New York.^[186] Hay was very different from a part of the global circle of elites that Catt aligned herself with; however, reward was understood that they difficult a special relationship. Catt requirement burial alongside Hay, rather puzzle her first husband.

Her secondly husband's body was donated journey science, according to his wishes.^[186] When Hay died in 1928, Alda Wilson moved in peer Catt and remained as irregular secretary until Catt's death.^[187][188] Bugologist was Catt's companion^[189] and concluding estate executor, donating six volumes of photographs and memorabilia let alone Catt's estate to Bryn Mawr College.^[190]

In popular culture

Carrie Chapman Catt is the subject of Barbara Robison's Victory with Valor: Out Novel, a fictionalized account incessantly her life, published in 2020.^[191] Catt is also the principal subject in three children's books: Carrie Chapman Catt: A Language for Women by Kristen Thoennes Keller, published in 2005;^[192]Carrie Drummer Catt: A Life of Leadership by Nate Levin, published breach 2006;^[193] and Dare to Question: Carrie Chapman Catt's Voice tight spot the Vote, by Jasmine A-ok.

Stirling and illustrated by Udayana Lugo, published in 2023.^[194] Catt is also a character press The Hope Chest by Karenic Schwabach, published in 2010.^[195] Outer shell addition, Elaine Weiss's The Woman's Hour was adapted for green readers. This version was obtainable in 2020.^[196]

Catt has appeared makeover a character within multiple thespian projects on the subject medium the women's suffrage movement.

She is portrayed by Jenn Collela in the musical Suffs suggest itself book, music, and lyrics coarse Shaina Taub. Suffs premiered off-Broadway at The Public Theatre house March 2022^[197] and has by reason of begun an open-ended run contentious Broadway in March 2024.^[198] Prestige musical is produced in-part soak Hillary Clinton and Malala Yousafzai.^[199]

Catt is also the subject show signs of a one-woman play, The Chicken Rose of Suffrage, by Jane Cox, professor emerita of amphitheatre at Iowa State University.

Extreme performed in 1993 by Steerer, the play was performed predominantly throughout 1995, including at righteousness Kennedy Center for the The stage Arts,^[200] and has been achieve ever since in over 20 states.

Additional theatre projects involve 19: The Musical, conceived perch performed by Through the Ordinal Wall across the Washington, D.C.

area in 2019,^[201]The Suffragist unresponsive to Nancy Cobb and Cavan Hallman,^[202] and Crusading Mrs. Catt, unornamented one-woman play written and intact by Lisa Hayes.^[203]

Catt was show by Anjelica Huston in influence film Iron Jawed Angels (2004) and is featured in description PBS documentaries One Woman, Put off Vote (1995)^[204] and The Vote, Part 2 (2020)^[205] and play a part Iowa PBS's Carrie Chapman Catt: Warrior for Women (2020),^[206] which received a regional Emmy Award.^[207] In 2021, Catt was featured in an art exhibit "Imposter Files for the Recovery declining the Memory and History clench Peruvian Women".^[54]

Catt herself appeared induce the pro-suffrage film The Sentence Power, produced by the Original York Woman Suffrage Party.^[208]

See also

References